{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2608339501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2696536","title":"Learning Trans-Dimensional Random Fields with Applications to Language Modeling","display_name":"Learning Trans-Dimensional Random Fields with Applications to Language Modeling","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2608339501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2696536","mag":"2608339501","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28436847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2696536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2696536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100372368","display_name":"Bin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5176-9202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010173604","display_name":"Zhijian Ou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-5074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijian Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081020863","display_name":"Zhiqiang Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1780-6839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100372368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92816819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"876","last_page":"890"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6848120093345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.5710472464561462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5521185398101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5155532360076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5103027820587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.486685574054718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46504107117652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.455009400844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.443128764629364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3493955135345459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6848120093345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5710472464561462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5521185398101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5155532360076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5103027820587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.486685574054718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46504107117652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.455009400844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.443128764629364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3493955135345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2696536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2696536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28436847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28436847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3540909201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61473168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501203061","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1513873506","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1568229137","https://openalex.org/W1591801644","https://openalex.org/W1970689298","https://openalex.org/W1973575289","https://openalex.org/W1984635093","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2001792610","https://openalex.org/W2043285245","https://openalex.org/W2050971845","https://openalex.org/W2080018251","https://openalex.org/W2086161653","https://openalex.org/W2097732278","https://openalex.org/W2102667697","https://openalex.org/W2106706098","https://openalex.org/W2111305191","https://openalex.org/W2114858359","https://openalex.org/W2116825644","https://openalex.org/W2134583763","https://openalex.org/W2134963415","https://openalex.org/W2145677862","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2158148237","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2160842254","https://openalex.org/W2167717037","https://openalex.org/W2171928131","https://openalex.org/W2181470043","https://openalex.org/W2251519907","https://openalex.org/W2289760663","https://openalex.org/W2293997542","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2512007918","https://openalex.org/W2519314406","https://openalex.org/W2611669587","https://openalex.org/W2950075229","https://openalex.org/W2951714314","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6632248436","https://openalex.org/W6635446068","https://openalex.org/W6674387193","https://openalex.org/W6680172675","https://openalex.org/W6682082992","https://openalex.org/W6686240244","https://openalex.org/W6696105591","https://openalex.org/W6697286547","https://openalex.org/W6726378182","https://openalex.org/W6996569244"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2087343574","https://openalex.org/W2535915176","https://openalex.org/W2105860728","https://openalex.org/W4287657826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"describe":[1],"trans-dimensional":[2,17,56],"observations":[3,61],"in":[4,106,141,156,161],"sample":[5],"spaces":[6],"of":[7,26,32,62,77,109,123,152,178],"different":[8,63],"dimensions,":[9],"we":[10,36,66],"propose":[11],"a":[12,24,107,116,175],"probabilistic":[13],"model,":[14],"called":[15,42],"the":[16,30,48,75,78,121,124,150,153],"random":[18,27],"field":[19],"(TRF)":[20],"by":[21,165],"explicitly":[22],"mixing":[23],"collection":[25],"fields.":[28],"In":[29],"framework":[31],"stochastic":[33],"approximation":[34],"(SA),":[35],"develop":[37],"an":[38],"effective":[39],"training":[40,79,101,125],"algorithm,":[41],"augmented":[43],"SA,":[44],"which":[45,85],"jointly":[46],"estimates":[47],"model":[49,99],"parameters":[50],"and":[51,70,81,100,127,135,169,185],"normalizing":[52],"constants":[53],"while":[54],"using":[55],"mixture":[57],"sampling":[58],"to":[59,73,89,119,128,172],"generate":[60],"dimensions.":[64],"Furthermore,":[65],"introduce":[67],"several":[68],"statistical":[69],"computational":[71,83],"techniques":[72],"improve":[74],"convergence":[76,122],"algorithm":[80,102,126],"reduce":[82],"cost,":[84],"together":[86],"enable":[87],"us":[88],"successfully":[90],"train":[91],"TRF":[92,154],"models":[93,184],"on":[94],"large":[95],"datasets.":[96],"The":[97,111],"new":[98],"are":[103],"thoroughly":[104],"evaluated":[105],"number":[108],"experiments.":[110],"word":[112],"morphology":[113],"experiment":[114],"provides":[115],"benchmark":[117],"test":[118],"study":[120],"compare":[129],"with":[130,182],"other":[131],"algorithms,":[132],"because":[133],"log-likelihoods":[134],"gradients":[136],"can":[137],"be":[138],"exactly":[139],"calculated":[140],"this":[142],"experiment.":[143],"For":[144],"language":[145],"modeling,":[146],"our":[147],"experiments":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"superiority":[151],"approach":[155],"being":[157,170],"computationally":[158],"more":[159],"efficient":[160],"computing":[162],"data":[163],"probabilities":[164],"avoiding":[166],"local":[167],"normalization":[168],"able":[171],"flexibly":[173],"integrate":[174],"richer":[176],"set":[177],"features,":[179],"when":[180],"compared":[181],"n-gram":[183],"neural":[186],"network":[187],"models.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}