{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2592168458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2679739","title":"Expression-Invariant Age Estimation Using Structured Learning","display_name":"Expression-Invariant Age Estimation Using Structured Learning","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2592168458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2679739","mag":"2592168458","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28287961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2679739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2679739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080687142","display_name":"Zhongyu Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-1956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongyu Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040564392","display_name":"Fares Alnajar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fares Alnajar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101540588","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Alvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7535-6322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose M. Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["NICTA, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NICTA, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085312908","display_name":"Ninghang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-4653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ninghang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040169071","display_name":"Theo Gevers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1190-5492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","display_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/052g8jq94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["ES","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theo Gevers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Center, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain","Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Center, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, XH, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080687142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4955,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93840435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"365","last_page":"375"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.710781455039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6523153781890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.595874547958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5850515961647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5735596418380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.47576040029525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4663751721382141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4532226324081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.4509083032608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.44772273302078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-groups","display_name":"Age groups","score":0.43798452615737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41742873191833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23273378610610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1729302704334259}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.710781455039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6523153781890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.595874547958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5850515961647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5735596418380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.47576040029525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4663751721382141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4532226324081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4509083032608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.44772273302078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.43798452615737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41742873191833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23273378610610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1729302704334259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2679739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2679739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28287961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28287961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire_cris_publications/2b188264-778e-427a-aa52-41d4d042fefd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/expressioninvariant-age-estimation-using-structured-learning(2b188264-778e-427a-aa52-41d4d042fefd).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lou, Z, Alnajar, F, Alvarez, J M, Hu, N & Gevers, T 2018, 'Expression-invariant Age Estimation Using Structured Learning', IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 365-375. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2017.2679739","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:uvapub:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/2b188264-778e-427a-aa52-41d4d042fefd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/expressioninvariant-age-estimation-using-structured-learning(2b188264-778e-427a-aa52-41d4d042fefd).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 40(2), 365 - 375. IEEE","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596560700","https://openalex.org/W1968426396","https://openalex.org/W1969367033","https://openalex.org/W2006500012","https://openalex.org/W2009088607","https://openalex.org/W2023252883","https://openalex.org/W2030098377","https://openalex.org/W2039140324","https://openalex.org/W2044730627","https://openalex.org/W2073351001","https://openalex.org/W2078046525","https://openalex.org/W2097433204","https://openalex.org/W2102331633","https://openalex.org/W2103077782","https://openalex.org/W2105026179","https://openalex.org/W2105842272","https://openalex.org/W2106488920","https://openalex.org/W2137802466","https://openalex.org/W2137997339","https://openalex.org/W2147196093","https://openalex.org/W2147278565","https://openalex.org/W2151386286","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2164715565","https://openalex.org/W2166765763","https://openalex.org/W2169447051","https://openalex.org/W2186574009","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6642498376","https://openalex.org/W6670000642","https://openalex.org/W6675450563","https://openalex.org/W6675783020","https://openalex.org/W6680698592","https://openalex.org/W6684888907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897995864","https://openalex.org/W2347601237","https://openalex.org/W2025991752","https://openalex.org/W2383164569","https://openalex.org/W1775397219","https://openalex.org/W3194078543","https://openalex.org/W4385801485","https://openalex.org/W2375799804","https://openalex.org/W2401830443","https://openalex.org/W1503824898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"investigate":[4],"and":[5,26,42,55,57,66,69,83,116,123,171],"exploit":[6],"the":[7,24,39,43,50,53,59,64,89,94,120,137,140,146,156],"influence":[8],"of":[9,136,139,155],"facial":[10],"expressions":[11,138],"on":[12,76],"automatic":[13],"age":[14,25,54,73,95,105,108,170],"estimation.":[15,74,106],"Different":[16],"from":[17],"existing":[18],"approaches,":[19],"our":[20,86,131],"method":[21],"jointly":[22,97],"learns":[23],"expression":[27,56,67,100],"by":[28,113,130,165],"introducing":[29],"a":[30,35],"new":[31],"graphical":[32,132],"model":[33,158],"with":[34,99,169],"latent":[36],"layer":[37,46],"between":[38,52],"age/expression":[40],"labels":[41],"features.":[44],"This":[45],"aims":[47],"to":[48,103,159],"learn":[49],"relationship":[51],"captures":[58],"face":[60],"changes":[61],"which":[62],"induce":[63],"aging":[65],"appearance,":[68],"thus":[70],"obtaining":[71],"expression-invariant":[72],"Conducted":[75],"three":[77],"age-expression":[78],"datasets":[79,125],"(FACES":[80],",":[81],"Lifespan":[82,122],"NEMO":[84,124],"),":[85],"experiments":[87],"illustrate":[88],"improvement":[90],"in":[91,101],"performance":[92,176],"when":[93],"is":[96,111,163],"learnt":[98],"comparison":[102],"expression-independent":[104],"The":[107,127,153,173],"estimation":[109],"error":[110],"reduced":[112],"14.43,":[114],"37.75":[115],"9.30":[117],"percent":[118],"for":[119,150,178],"FACES,":[121],"respectively.":[126],"results":[128,174],"obtained":[129],"model,":[133],"without":[134],"prior-knowledge":[135],"tested":[141],"faces,":[142],"are":[143],"better":[144],"than":[145],"best":[147],"reported":[148],"ones":[149],"all":[151,179],"datasets.":[152],"flexibility":[154],"proposed":[157],"include":[160],"more":[161],"cues":[162],"explored":[164],"incorporating":[166],"gender":[167],"together":[168],"expression.":[172],"show":[175],"improvements":[177],"cues.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-16T09:10:04.655348","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}