{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2182477539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2015.2437377","title":"Human-Machine CRFs for Identifying Bottlenecks in Scene Understanding","display_name":"Human-Machine CRFs for Identifying Bottlenecks in Scene Understanding","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2182477539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2015.2437377","mag":"2182477539","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26656579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2015.2437377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2015.2437377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070375939","display_name":"Roozbeh Mottaghi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156221","display_name":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/05w520734","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roozbeh Mottaghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070642269","display_name":"Sanja Fidler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-3260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanja Fidler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086706224","display_name":"Alan Yuille","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Yuille","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058557954","display_name":"Raquel Urtasun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raquel Urtasun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050342343","display_name":"Devi Parikh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devi Parikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070375939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91427915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":"74","last_page":"87"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crfs","display_name":"CRFS","score":0.9764801859855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.8900779485702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.796036958694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7738198041915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.611271858215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5182792544364929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.514703094959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5073525309562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4776238799095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4683705270290375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4337437152862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.4231328070163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37115222215652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.34715598821640015}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775953691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013874","display_name":"CRFS","level":3,"score":0.9764801859855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.8900779485702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.796036958694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7738198041915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.611271858215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5182792544364929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.514703094959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5073525309562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4776238799095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4683705270290375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4337437152862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.4231328070163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37115222215652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34715598821640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2015.2437377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2015.2437377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26656579","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26656579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.702.3492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.702.3492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.stanford.edu/%7Eroozbeh/papers/Mottaghi15pami.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3842532852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-12-1-0883","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4972908981","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1115719","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317052","display_name":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/05w520734"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39428922","https://openalex.org/W59895198","https://openalex.org/W78159342","https://openalex.org/W1479789543","https://openalex.org/W1523202712","https://openalex.org/W1610707153","https://openalex.org/W1849585967","https://openalex.org/W1969547012","https://openalex.org/W1981064999","https://openalex.org/W1990147331","https://openalex.org/W1994259434","https://openalex.org/W1994529670","https://openalex.org/W2009685382","https://openalex.org/W2013777358","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2017974076","https://openalex.org/W2027833538","https://openalex.org/W2035300447","https://openalex.org/W2041373047","https://openalex.org/W2054279472","https://openalex.org/W2055349880","https://openalex.org/W2077654318","https://openalex.org/W2079937789","https://openalex.org/W2081293863","https://openalex.org/W2085669305","https://openalex.org/W2100588357","https://openalex.org/W2103897297","https://openalex.org/W2104713750","https://openalex.org/W2107640784","https://openalex.org/W2110158442","https://openalex.org/W2111161343","https://openalex.org/W2116445618","https://openalex.org/W2125215748","https://openalex.org/W2128680590","https://openalex.org/W2128962821","https://openalex.org/W2137881638","https://openalex.org/W2144794286","https://openalex.org/W2151698683","https://openalex.org/W2152513128","https://openalex.org/W2162820221","https://openalex.org/W2163166770","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2170325868","https://openalex.org/W2170341160","https://openalex.org/W2185707253","https://openalex.org/W2533218643","https://openalex.org/W2535516436","https://openalex.org/W4212789794","https://openalex.org/W6601593943","https://openalex.org/W6603109438","https://openalex.org/W6628729794","https://openalex.org/W6636212864","https://openalex.org/W6675696854","https://openalex.org/W6676328599","https://openalex.org/W6676664992","https://openalex.org/W6677695560","https://openalex.org/W6680357304","https://openalex.org/W6996185213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W50079190","https://openalex.org/W182104056","https://openalex.org/W2011251309","https://openalex.org/W2511246383","https://openalex.org/W3108423214","https://openalex.org/W2796133761","https://openalex.org/W3088215229","https://openalex.org/W2184553228","https://openalex.org/W2390846138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"trends":[1],"in":[2,38,46,50,72],"image":[3],"understanding":[4,9,39,97],"have":[5],"pushed":[6],"for":[7,66],"scene":[8,21,48,57,96],"models":[10],"that":[11],"jointly":[12],"reason":[13],"about":[14],"various":[15,70,80,103],"tasks":[16,45],"such":[17],"as":[18],"object":[19,54],"detection,":[20],"recognition,":[22],"shape":[23],"analysis,":[24],"contextual":[25],"reasoning,":[26],"and":[27,56],"local":[28],"appearance":[29],"based":[30],"classifiers.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33,60],"work,":[34],"we":[35,62],"are":[36],"interested":[37],"the":[40,69],"roles":[41],"of":[42,68,87],"these":[43],"different":[44],"improved":[47],"understanding,":[49],"particular":[51],"semantic":[52],"segmentation,":[53],"detection":[55],"recognition.":[58],"Towards":[59],"goal,":[61],"\"plug-in\"":[63],"human":[64],"subjects":[65],"each":[67],"components":[71],"a":[73],"conditional":[74],"random":[75],"field":[76],"model.":[77],"Comparisons":[78],"among":[79],"hybrid":[81],"human-machine":[82],"CRFs":[83],"give":[84],"us":[85],"indications":[86],"how":[88],"much":[89],"\"head":[90],"room\"":[91],"there":[92],"is":[93],"to":[94],"improve":[95],"by":[98],"focusing":[99],"research":[100],"efforts":[101],"on":[102],"individual":[104],"tasks.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
