{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171937595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2004.1273927","title":"Gabor-based kernel pca with fractional power polynomial models for face recognition","display_name":"Gabor-based kernel pca with fractional power polynomial models for face recognition","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171937595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2004.1273927","mag":"2171937595","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15460279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2004.1273927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2004.1273927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108489454","display_name":"Chengjun Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengjun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA. liu@cs.njit.edu","Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA. liu@cs.njit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108489454"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.8124,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":585,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99815512,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"5","first_page":"572","last_page":"581"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7486779093742371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7030006051063538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6534716486930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6174520254135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5868147015571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial-kernel","display_name":"Polynomial kernel","score":0.577285885810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5242005586624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Kernel principal component analysis","score":0.47526782751083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.4303682744503021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.424085408449173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.354245662689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3535306453704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.3301469683647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.08254075050354004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7486779093742371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7030006051063538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6534716486930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6174520254135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5868147015571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160446489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7226642","display_name":"Polynomial kernel","level":4,"score":0.577285885810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5242005586624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182335926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093020","display_name":"Kernel principal component analysis","level":4,"score":0.47526782751083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4303682744503021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.424085408449173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.354245662689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3535306453704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3301469683647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.08254075050354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009716","descriptor_name":"Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009716","descriptor_name":"Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009716","descriptor_name":"Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D028662","descriptor_name":"Principle-Based Ethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D028662","descriptor_name":"Principle-Based Ethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D028662","descriptor_name":"Principle-Based Ethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2004.1273927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2004.1273927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15460279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15460279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1.9943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1.9943","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.njit.edu/~liu/papers/tPAMI_3.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309029","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485879728","https://openalex.org/W1555711139","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1593008457","https://openalex.org/W1903859743","https://openalex.org/W1914401667","https://openalex.org/W1994297893","https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W2006500012","https://openalex.org/W2012352340","https://openalex.org/W2014102379","https://openalex.org/W2019487368","https://openalex.org/W2029683515","https://openalex.org/W2040179990","https://openalex.org/W2042535240","https://openalex.org/W2072652250","https://openalex.org/W2085207288","https://openalex.org/W2092537568","https://openalex.org/W2095757522","https://openalex.org/W2096044434","https://openalex.org/W2097836861","https://openalex.org/W2098947662","https://openalex.org/W2103384342","https://openalex.org/W2113341759","https://openalex.org/W2115689562","https://openalex.org/W2115943089","https://openalex.org/W2120954940","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2124776405","https://openalex.org/W2127530969","https://openalex.org/W2128716185","https://openalex.org/W2129150631","https://openalex.org/W2130982917","https://openalex.org/W2131273085","https://openalex.org/W2133180260","https://openalex.org/W2133860751","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2136405083","https://openalex.org/W2138100172","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2140095548","https://openalex.org/W2141004768","https://openalex.org/W2145889472","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2159686933","https://openalex.org/W2160126058","https://openalex.org/W2163280874","https://openalex.org/W2163647352","https://openalex.org/W2166125343","https://openalex.org/W2167034998","https://openalex.org/W2180187800","https://openalex.org/W3144619878","https://openalex.org/W3165903168","https://openalex.org/W6629111602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393746448","https://openalex.org/W1984421104","https://openalex.org/W2512565647","https://openalex.org/W2384322977","https://openalex.org/W2001772920","https://openalex.org/W2164869055","https://openalex.org/W2182834820","https://openalex.org/W2071590642","https://openalex.org/W2890196891","https://openalex.org/W2149803014"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,84,92,123],"novel":[4],"Gabor-based":[5,171,256],"kernel":[6,23,58,85,110,151,158,172,257,282,289,306],"Principal":[7],"Component":[8],"Analysis":[9],"(PCA)":[10],"method":[11,25,60,174,259,284,291,308],"by":[12,37],"integrating":[13],"the":[14,22,48,99,104,130,170,196,200,218,255,278,281,288,297,303],"Gabor":[15,29,298,304],"wavelet":[16],"representation":[17],"of":[18,103,107,169,214,223,249,254,269],"face":[19,27,72,189,212],"images":[20,213,225],"and":[21,42,53,116,187,199,230,234,238,247,274,302],"PCA":[24,59,152,159,173,258,279,283,290,300,307],"for":[26,70],"recognition.":[28],"wavelets":[30],"first":[31],"derive":[32,149],"desirable":[33],"facial":[34,54,244],"features":[35],"characterized":[36],"spatial":[38,40],"frequency,":[39],"locality,":[41],"orientation":[43],"selectivity":[44],"to":[45,51,64,148],"cope":[46],"with":[47,164,175,241,260,285,292,309],"variations":[49],"due":[50],"illumination":[52],"expression":[55],"changes.":[56],"The":[57,167,205,252],"is":[61,265],"then":[62],"extended":[63],"include":[65],"fractional":[66,76,176,261,293],"power":[67,77,177,262,294],"polynomial":[68,178,263,286,295,310],"models":[69,179,264],"enhanced":[71],"recognition":[73],"performance.":[74],"A":[75],"polynomial,":[78],"however,":[79],"does":[80],"not":[81,90,120],"necessarily":[82],"define":[83,91,122],"function,":[86],"as":[87,140],"it":[88],"might":[89],"positive":[93,124,165],"semidefinite":[94,125],"Gram":[95,126],"matrix.":[96],"Note":[97],"that":[98,161],"sigmoid":[100,117,131],"kernels,":[101,113,115,287],"one":[102],"three":[105],"classes":[106],"widely":[108],"used":[109,136],"functions":[111],"(polynomial":[112],"Gaussian":[114],"kernels),":[118],"do":[119],"actually":[121],"matrix":[127],"either.":[128],"Nevertheless,":[129],"kernels":[132],"have":[133],"been":[134,181],"successfully":[135,182],"in":[137,141,267],"practice,":[138],"such":[139],"building":[142],"support":[143],"vector":[144],"machines.":[145],"In":[146],"order":[147],"real":[150],"features,":[153],"we":[154],"apply":[155],"only":[156],"those":[157],"eigenvectors":[160],"are":[162],"associated":[163],"eigenvalues.":[166],"feasibility":[168],"has":[180],"tested":[183],"on":[184],"both":[185,270],"frontal":[186,211,239],"pose-angled":[188],"recognition,":[190],"using":[191],"two":[192,242],"data":[193,207,220],"sets":[194],"from":[195],"FERET":[197,206],"database":[198],"CMU":[201],"PIE":[202,219],"database,":[203],"respectively.":[204],"set":[208,221],"contains":[209],"600":[210],"200":[215],"subjects,":[216],"while":[217],"consists":[222],"680":[224],"across":[226],"five":[227],"poses":[228],"(left":[229],"right":[231,235],"profiles,":[232,237],"left":[233],"half":[236],"view)":[240],"different":[243],"expressions":[245],"(neutral":[246],"smiling)":[248],"68":[250],"subjects.":[251],"effectiveness":[253],"shown":[266],"terms":[268],"absolute":[271],"performance":[272,276],"indices":[273],"comparative":[275],"against":[277],"method,":[280,301],"models,":[296],"wavelet-based":[299,305],"kernels.":[311]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":51}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
