{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106905947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2003.1233897","title":"A separable low complexity 2d hmm with application to face recognition","display_name":"A separable low complexity 2d hmm with application to face recognition","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106905947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2003.1233897","mag":"2106905947"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2003.1233897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2003.1233897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014314463","display_name":"Hisham Othman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9374425","display_name":"Ottawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jscf286","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9374425"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Othman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","Sch. of Information Technol. & Eng., Ottawa Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Information Technol. & Eng., Ottawa Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9374425"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039119593","display_name":"T. Aboulnasr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9374425","display_name":"Ottawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jscf286","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9374425"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Aboulnasr","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","Sch. of Information Technol. & Eng., Ottawa Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Information Technol. & Eng., Ottawa Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9374425"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9287,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93836565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"10","first_page":"1229","last_page":"1238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8531936407089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.7200580835342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6212406754493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5525399446487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5452622771263123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5371606349945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5343612432479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.5245959162712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-independence","display_name":"Conditional independence","score":0.5033702254295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4727935492992401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","score":0.4468902349472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3814481794834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3792315721511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3258703351020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.184515118598938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8531936407089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7200580835342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6212406754493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5525399446487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5452622771263123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5371606349945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5343612432479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.5245959162712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79772020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159264","display_name":"Conditional independence","level":2,"score":0.5033702254295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4727935492992401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.4468902349472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3814481794834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3792315721511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3258703351020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.184515118598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2003.1233897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2003.1233897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480865305","https://openalex.org/W1495867762","https://openalex.org/W1961424061","https://openalex.org/W1967475838","https://openalex.org/W2021982596","https://openalex.org/W2024581784","https://openalex.org/W2124511321","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2127936525","https://openalex.org/W2135188079","https://openalex.org/W2135623468","https://openalex.org/W2138243884","https://openalex.org/W2140836279","https://openalex.org/W2155590375","https://openalex.org/W2156165250","https://openalex.org/W2295655892","https://openalex.org/W4229628911","https://openalex.org/W4244494905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134472250","https://openalex.org/W2001423728","https://openalex.org/W2159857630","https://openalex.org/W1968332688","https://openalex.org/W2044260117","https://openalex.org/W2486556835","https://openalex.org/W2347601237","https://openalex.org/W2897995864","https://openalex.org/W1775397219","https://openalex.org/W2144676262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5],"novel":[6],"low-complexity":[7],"separable":[8],"but":[9],"true":[10],"2D":[11],"Hidden":[12],"Markov":[13],"Model":[14],"(HMM)":[15],"and":[16,52,95,112,124,147,166],"its":[17],"application":[18],"to":[19,47,78,163],"the":[20,37,44,62,65,69,73,79,87,90,93,98,105,113,120,128,140,148,154],"problem":[21],"of":[22,33,58,64,68,75,81,89,101,115,122,125,127,143,153,157],"Face":[23],"Recognition":[24],"(FR).":[25],"The":[26,107,135],"proposed":[27,70],"model":[28,71,94,117],"builds":[29],"on":[30,139],"an":[31],"assumption":[32],"conditional":[34],"independence":[35],"in":[36,92,104],"relationship":[38],"between":[39],"adjacent":[40],"blocks.":[41],"This":[42,56],"allows":[43],"state":[45,54,59,129],"transition":[46],"be":[48],"separated":[49],"into":[50],"vertical":[51],"horizontal":[53],"transitions.":[55],"separation":[57],"transitions":[60],"brings":[61],"complexity":[63],"hidden":[66],"layer":[67],"from":[72],"order":[74,80],"(N/sup":[76],"3/T)":[77],"(2N/sup":[82],"2/T),":[83],"where":[84,159],"N":[85],"is":[86,97,110,133,137],"number":[88,100,121],"states":[91,123],"T":[96],"total":[99],"observation":[102],"blocks":[103],"image.":[106],"system":[108,136],"performance":[109],"studied":[111],"impact":[114],"key":[116],"parameters,":[118],"i.e.,":[119],"kernels":[126],"probability":[130],"density":[131],"function,":[132],"highlighted.":[134],"tested":[138],"facial":[141,151],"database":[142,152],"AT&T":[144],"Laboratories":[145],"Cambridge":[146],"more":[149],"complex":[150],"Georgia":[155],"Institute":[156],"Technology":[158],"recognition":[160],"rates":[161],"up":[162],"100":[164],"percent":[165,168],"92.8":[167],"have":[169],"been":[170],"achieved,":[171],"respectively,":[172],"with":[173],"relatively":[174],"low":[175],"complexity.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}