{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135705692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2002.1023800","title":"Blobworld: image segmentation using expectation-maximization and its application to image querying","display_name":"Blobworld: image segmentation using expectation-maximization and its application to image querying","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135705692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2002.1023800","mag":"2135705692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2002.1023800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2002.1023800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001850850","display_name":"Chad Carson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Carson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Division, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","Div. of Comput. Sci., California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Division, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Div. of Comput. Sci., California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018609918","display_name":"Serge Belongie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0388-5217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Belongie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","Departmant of Computer Science and Engineering,AP&M Building, Room 4832,University of California,San diego, La jolla, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departmant of Computer Science and Engineering,AP&M Building, Room 4832,University of California,San diego, La jolla, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078473649","display_name":"Hayit Greenspan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-7552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Greenspan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001594573","display_name":"Jitendra Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3695-1580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Division, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","Computer Science Division, 725, Soda Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkely, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Division, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Division, 725, Soda Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkely, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":57.0196,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1411,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99955775,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"1026","last_page":"1038"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-texture","display_name":"Image texture","score":0.7523083686828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7516200542449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6683799028396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5963805913925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.524619460105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-detection","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","score":0.5229188203811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-image-annotation","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","score":0.5163556337356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48526737093925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4822481572628021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.46095824241638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4572114944458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.4488440752029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.43248116970062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.40782320499420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.316965252161026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63099799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147001","display_name":"Image texture","level":4,"score":0.7523083686828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7516200542449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6683799028396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5963805913925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.524619460105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.5229188203811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199579030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2851778","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","level":4,"score":0.5163556337356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48526737093925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4822481572628021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.46095824241638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4572114944458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.4488440752029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.43248116970062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.40782320499420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.316965252161026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2002.1023800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2002.1023800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.27.1819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.27.1819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/~carson/papers/pami.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.329.1274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.329.1274","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.psu.edu/~rcollins/CSE586/papers/emCarson99blobworld.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.62.3778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.62.3778","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~malik/papers/CBGM-blobworld.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157156857","https://openalex.org/W174126042","https://openalex.org/W187060457","https://openalex.org/W1524408959","https://openalex.org/W1526351017","https://openalex.org/W1529267782","https://openalex.org/W1533169541","https://openalex.org/W1553200558","https://openalex.org/W1592458933","https://openalex.org/W1598614695","https://openalex.org/W1748744376","https://openalex.org/W1847706856","https://openalex.org/W1917380066","https://openalex.org/W1947400014","https://openalex.org/W1957449211","https://openalex.org/W1967904143","https://openalex.org/W1977241131","https://openalex.org/W1982948355","https://openalex.org/W1991605728","https://openalex.org/W2005630536","https://openalex.org/W2008297189","https://openalex.org/W2032301237","https://openalex.org/W2039310800","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2049694710","https://openalex.org/W2054658115","https://openalex.org/W2059871232","https://openalex.org/W2066610120","https://openalex.org/W2068272887","https://openalex.org/W2068520194","https://openalex.org/W2078132063","https://openalex.org/W2087051075","https://openalex.org/W2099330788","https://openalex.org/W2102475035","https://openalex.org/W2103414828","https://openalex.org/W2111371393","https://openalex.org/W2111991188","https://openalex.org/W2115279886","https://openalex.org/W2115738369","https://openalex.org/W2118783153","https://openalex.org/W2124101593","https://openalex.org/W2124514145","https://openalex.org/W2126051390","https://openalex.org/W2144679084","https://openalex.org/W2160066518","https://openalex.org/W2162630772","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2171096036","https://openalex.org/W2295394636","https://openalex.org/W2568842486","https://openalex.org/W2573934436","https://openalex.org/W2914885528","https://openalex.org/W3080297631","https://openalex.org/W4253697491","https://openalex.org/W6607538313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2416959398","https://openalex.org/W2415304534","https://openalex.org/W1595732891","https://openalex.org/W2187873862","https://openalex.org/W1987618107","https://openalex.org/W2969631507","https://openalex.org/W1968020859","https://openalex.org/W2117171064","https://openalex.org/W2731517839","https://openalex.org/W2761229199"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrieving":[0],"images":[1,90,182],"from":[2,29,91,137],"large":[3],"and":[4,16,46,68,115,193],"varied":[5],"collections":[6],"using":[7,183,191],"image":[8,23,39,114,155,173,199,204],"content":[9],"as":[10],"a":[11,14,21,27,35,57,73,81],"key":[12],"is":[13,51,65,100,104],"challenging":[15],"important":[17,95],"problem.":[18],"We":[19,79,175],"present":[20,176],"new":[22],"representation":[24,50,87,110],"that":[25,41,83,101,157,179],"provides":[26],"transformation":[28],"the":[30,85,98,102,108,112,116,124,129,132,144,150,166,197,203],"raw":[31],"pixel":[32],"data":[33],"to":[34,88,106,160],"small":[36],"set":[37],"of":[38,75,97,111,131,146,168,196],"regions":[40,156],"are":[42],"coherent":[43],"in":[44,56,200],"color":[45,192],"texture.":[47],"This":[48],"\"Blobworld\"":[49],"created":[52],"by":[53],"clustering":[54],"pixels":[55],"joint":[58],"color-texture-position":[59],"feature":[60],"space.":[61],"The":[62],"segmentation":[63],"algorithm":[64],"fully":[66],"automatic":[67],"has":[69],"been":[70],"run":[71],"on":[72],"collection":[74],"10,000":[76],"natural":[77],"images.":[78],"describe":[80],"system":[82,99],"uses":[84],"Blobworld":[86,184],"retrieve":[89],"this":[92,126],"collection.":[93],"An":[94],"aspect":[96],"user":[103,125],"allowed":[105],"view":[107,127],"internal":[109],"submitted":[113],"query":[117,135],"results.":[118],"Similar":[119],"systems":[120,139],"do":[121],"not":[122],"offer":[123],"into":[128],"workings":[130],"system;":[133],"consequently,":[134],"results":[136,177],"these":[138],"can":[140],"be":[141],"inexplicable,":[142],"despite":[143],"availability":[145],"knobs":[147],"for":[148,181],"adjusting":[149],"similarity":[151],"metrics.":[152],"By":[153],"finding":[154],"roughly":[158],"correspond":[159],"objects,":[161],"we":[162],"allow":[163],"querying":[164,180,190],"at":[165],"level":[167],"objects":[169],"rather":[170],"than":[171,188],"global":[172],"properties.":[174],"indicating":[178],"produces":[185],"higher":[186],"precision":[187],"does":[189],"texture":[194],"histograms":[195],"entire":[198],"cases":[201],"where":[202],"contains":[205],"distinctive":[206],"objects.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":78}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}