{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1973878545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1984.4767529","title":"On Encoding Boundaries with Quadtrees","display_name":"On Encoding Boundaries with Quadtrees","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1973878545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1984.4767529","mag":"1973878545","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21869203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1984.4767529","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1984.4767529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087437068","display_name":"Hanan Samet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-0653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanan Samet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and the Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742","Department of Computer Science and the Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and the Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and the Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022803192","display_name":"Robert E. Webber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Webber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and the Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and the Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4275,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97138047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"PAMI-6","issue":"3","first_page":"365","last_page":"369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadtree","display_name":"Quadtree","score":0.9462860226631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacency-list","display_name":"Adjacency list","score":0.8136759996414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6977682113647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.6214399337768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-segment","display_name":"Line segment","score":0.6049296259880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5369351506233215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5121514797210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-line","display_name":"Boundary line","score":0.5019121170043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.4559325873851776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3965667188167572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39470529556274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3569287657737732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32436349987983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1871553361415863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.151737779378891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151416825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934791","display_name":"Quadtree","level":2,"score":0.9462860226631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110484373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264398","display_name":"Adjacency list","level":2,"score":0.8136759996414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6977682113647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6214399337768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182124507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166154","display_name":"Line segment","level":2,"score":0.6049296259880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5369351506233215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5121514797210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993043157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4949967","display_name":"Boundary line","level":2,"score":0.5019121170043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.4559325873851776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3965667188167572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39470529556274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3569287657737732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32436349987983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1871553361415863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.151737779378891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1984.4767529","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1984.4767529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21869203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21869203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970008351","https://openalex.org/W1970608706","https://openalex.org/W2003938193","https://openalex.org/W2004521245","https://openalex.org/W2008196645","https://openalex.org/W2023836025","https://openalex.org/W2029331355","https://openalex.org/W2082853656","https://openalex.org/W2094078373","https://openalex.org/W2989713547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2977483259","https://openalex.org/W2106505984","https://openalex.org/W1973878545","https://openalex.org/W2949856845","https://openalex.org/W2105246008","https://openalex.org/W2169751639","https://openalex.org/W97492882","https://openalex.org/W2133841619","https://openalex.org/W4205566295","https://openalex.org/W2389343598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"``line":[1],"quadtree''":[2],"data":[3],"structure":[4,21],"hierarchically":[5],"represents":[6],"a":[7],"region":[8,42],"and":[9,53],"its":[10],"boundary.":[11],"Based":[12],"on":[13],"the":[14,31],"standard":[15,37],"quadtree,":[16],"each":[17],"node":[18],"in":[19],"this":[20],"stores":[22],"adjacency":[23],"information":[24],"as":[25,36,58],"well.":[26],"While":[27],"line":[28,59],"quadtrees":[29],"use":[30],"same":[32],"amount":[33],"of":[34],"space":[35],"qaudtrees,":[38],"they":[39],"facilitate":[40],"several":[41],"processing":[43],"algorithms.":[44],"In":[45],"particular,":[46],"we":[47],"describe":[48],"efficient":[49],"algorithms":[50],"for":[51],"boundary":[52],"superimposing":[54],"two":[55],"maps":[56],"encoded":[57],"quadtrees.":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}