{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100399036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1983.4767342","title":"The Effect of Cluster Size, Dimensionality, and the Number of Clusters on Recovery of True Cluster Structure","display_name":"The Effect of Cluster Size, Dimensionality, and the Number of Clusters on Recovery of True Cluster Structure","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100399036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1983.4767342","mag":"2100399036","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21869081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1983.4767342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1983.4767342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055767277","display_name":"Glenn W. Milligan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155590","display_name":"Management Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05shz5j84","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glenn W. Milligan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Management Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Management Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470","https://openalex.org/I4210155590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039063372","display_name":"Shih Chung Soon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155590","display_name":"Management Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05shz5j84","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. C. Soon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Management Sciences, Ohio State Uinversity, Columbus, OH, USA","College of Administrative Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Management Sciences, Ohio State Uinversity, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470","https://openalex.org/I4210155590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Administrative Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025076459","display_name":"Lisa M. Sokol","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116919","display_name":"Institute of Flight","ror":"https://ror.org/02cx1m445","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa M. Sokol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flight Systems, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA","Flight Systems, Inc., Arlington, VA 22209"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flight Systems, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flight Systems, Inc., Arlington, VA 22209","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7376,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":172,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96203666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"PAMI-5","issue":"1","first_page":"40","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10637","display_name":"Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10637","display_name":"Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9546999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jaccard-index","display_name":"Jaccard index","score":0.732825517654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6801425218582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.669109582901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.6564227938652039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.6140781044960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5997037887573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2398608922958374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203519979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865360","display_name":"Jaccard index","level":3,"score":0.732825517654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6801425218582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.669109582901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.6564227938652039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.6140781044960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5997037887573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2398608922958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1983.4767342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1983.4767342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21869081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21869081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156509570","https://openalex.org/W1970236246","https://openalex.org/W1970282287","https://openalex.org/W2024959238","https://openalex.org/W2027305455","https://openalex.org/W2033403400","https://openalex.org/W2049814849","https://openalex.org/W2051988500","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2088879945","https://openalex.org/W2326410931","https://openalex.org/W2612166593","https://openalex.org/W4244030505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254879869","https://openalex.org/W3022576529","https://openalex.org/W2628526247","https://openalex.org/W2596401011","https://openalex.org/W2913569734","https://openalex.org/W3127229356","https://openalex.org/W2000801317","https://openalex.org/W2294604808","https://openalex.org/W2702570413","https://openalex.org/W4379521144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"evaluation":[1],"of":[2,18,21,31,66,78,111,118,141,157],"four":[3,7,36,57],"clustering":[4],"methods":[5,37],"and":[6,24,47,81,85,92,95,114],"external":[8],"criterion":[9,58],"measures":[10,59],"was":[11,89,104],"conducted":[12],"with":[13,63,130],"respect":[14,99],"to":[15,100,106],"the":[16,19,29,39,56,79,86,90,93,101,109,116,134,138,154],"effect":[17],"number":[20,110,117],"clusters,":[22],"dimensionality,":[23],"relative":[25,122],"cluster":[26,33,123],"sizes":[27],"on":[28],"recovery":[30,103,136,152],"true":[32],"structure.":[34],"The":[35,52,74,121,144],"were":[38,60,72,140,156],"single":[40],"link,":[41,43],"complete":[42],"group":[44,145],"average":[45,146],"(UPGMA),":[46],"Ward's":[48,131],"minimum":[49],"variance":[50],"algorithms.":[51],"results":[53],"indicated":[54],"that":[55],"generally":[61],"consistent":[62],"each":[64],"other,":[65],"which":[67],"two":[68],"highly":[69],"similar":[70],"pairs":[71],"identified.":[73],"tirst":[75],"pair":[76,88],"consisted":[77],"Rand":[80,83],"corrected":[82],"statistics,":[84],"second":[87],"Jaccard":[91],"Fowlkes":[94],"Mallows":[96],"indexes.":[97],"With":[98],"methods,":[102],"found":[105],"improve":[107],"as":[108,115],"clusters":[112,139,155],"increased":[113],"dimensions":[119],"increased.":[120],"size":[124],"factor":[125],"produced":[126],"differential":[127],"performance":[128],"effects,":[129],"procedure":[132],"providing":[133],"best":[135],"when":[137,153],"equal":[142],"size.":[143,159],"method":[147],"gave":[148],"equivalent":[149],"or":[150],"better":[151],"unequal":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}