{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117294245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1982.4767223","title":"A Model for Radar Images and Its Application to Adaptive Digital Filtering of Multiplicative Noise","display_name":"A Model for Radar Images and Its Application to Adaptive Digital Filtering of Multiplicative Noise","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117294245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1982.4767223","mag":"2117294245","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21869022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1982.4767223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1982.4767223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110250639","display_name":"Victor S. Frost","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144928","display_name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Integrated Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2m2598","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor S. Frost","raw_affiliation_strings":["STUDENT MEMBER, IEEE, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STUDENT MEMBER, IEEE, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110209025","display_name":"Josephine Abbott Stiles","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144928","display_name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Integrated Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2m2598","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josephine Abbott Stiles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA","STUDENT MEMBER, IEEE, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STUDENT MEMBER, IEEE, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043487377","display_name":"K. Sam Shanmugan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144928","display_name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Integrated Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2m2598","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. S. Shanmugan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA","SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049489445","display_name":"J. C. Holtzman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144928","display_name":"Center for Remote Sensing and Integrated Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2m2598","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian C. Holtzman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA","MEMBER, IEEE, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000","https://openalex.org/I4210144928"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MEMBER, IEEE, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Research, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1952,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97896996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"PAMI-4","issue":"2","first_page":"157","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.70733243227005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.698296308517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6521483659744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6350681781768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-noise","display_name":"Multiplicative noise","score":0.606864333152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5860500335693359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.5582756996154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5528417229652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-filter","display_name":"Adaptive filter","score":0.5010495185852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.49189043045043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35779014229774475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2945636510848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.09889417886734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09242066740989685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.70733243227005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.698296308517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6521483659744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6350681781768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18015164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935000","display_name":"Multiplicative noise","level":5,"score":0.606864333152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5860500335693359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5582756996154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5528417229652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102248274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168388","display_name":"Adaptive filter","level":2,"score":0.5010495185852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.49189043045043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35779014229774475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2945636510848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.09889417886734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09242066740989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131021393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512759","display_name":"Signal transfer function","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13412647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174948","display_name":"Analog signal","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1982.4767223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1982.4767223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21869022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21869022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154431472","https://openalex.org/W263269287","https://openalex.org/W566664042","https://openalex.org/W1567741364","https://openalex.org/W1657963345","https://openalex.org/W1658472922","https://openalex.org/W1966572829","https://openalex.org/W1973012068","https://openalex.org/W1996645290","https://openalex.org/W2002804555","https://openalex.org/W2026039252","https://openalex.org/W2032857037","https://openalex.org/W2035314205","https://openalex.org/W2037281264","https://openalex.org/W2051189108","https://openalex.org/W2063378902","https://openalex.org/W2074319623","https://openalex.org/W2078187167","https://openalex.org/W2086388124","https://openalex.org/W2087271265","https://openalex.org/W2092167109","https://openalex.org/W2104763670","https://openalex.org/W2113855199","https://openalex.org/W2130753558","https://openalex.org/W2139020221","https://openalex.org/W2164507445","https://openalex.org/W2167578079","https://openalex.org/W2315488616","https://openalex.org/W3002732046","https://openalex.org/W3147755983","https://openalex.org/W4205094526","https://openalex.org/W4233975955","https://openalex.org/W4245199142","https://openalex.org/W4252975141","https://openalex.org/W4297204443","https://openalex.org/W4307012729","https://openalex.org/W4383818563","https://openalex.org/W6634027548","https://openalex.org/W6636791846","https://openalex.org/W6676847390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383807498","https://openalex.org/W1978572805","https://openalex.org/W1989941125","https://openalex.org/W1997992934","https://openalex.org/W1987225439","https://openalex.org/W2149980199","https://openalex.org/W4313855562","https://openalex.org/W2991149397","https://openalex.org/W2091422131","https://openalex.org/W2742737769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"image":[1,59,105],"processing":[2],"techniques":[3],"which":[4],"are":[5,13],"used":[6],"to":[7,16,20,68],"enhance":[8],"noncoherent":[9],"optically":[10],"produced":[11],"images":[12,18,48],"not":[14],"applicable":[15],"radar":[17,26,33,47,58,80,148],"due":[19],"the":[21,25,32,57,69,88,108,115,122,132],"coherent":[22],"nature":[23],"of":[24,72,103,131],"imaging":[27,34,53],"process.":[28],"A":[29],"model":[30,54,66],"for":[31,44,78],"process":[35],"is":[36,49,60,90,112,126,135],"derived":[37],"in":[38,121],"this":[39],"paper":[40],"and":[41,125,138,146],"a":[42],"method":[43],"smoothing":[45,79],"noisy":[46],"also":[50],"presented.":[51],"The":[52,65,129],"shows":[55],"that":[56,94,114],"corrupted":[61],"by":[62],"multiplicative":[63],"noise.":[64],"leads":[67],"functional":[70],"form":[71],"an":[73,104],"optimum":[74],"(minimum":[75],"MSE)":[76],"filter":[77,89,116,134],"images.":[81,149],"By":[82],"using":[83,144],"locally":[84],"estimated":[85],"parameter":[86],"values":[87],"made":[91],"adaptive":[92,133],"so":[93],"it":[95],"provides":[96],"minimum":[97],"MSE":[98],"estimates":[99],"inside":[100],"homogeneous":[101],"areas":[102],"while":[106],"preserving":[107],"edge":[109],"structure.":[110],"It":[111],"shown":[113],"can":[117],"be":[118],"easily":[119],"implemented":[120],"spatial":[123],"domain":[124],"computationally":[127],"efficient.":[128],"performance":[130],"compared":[136],"(qualitatively":[137],"quantitatively)":[139],"with":[140],"several":[141],"standard":[142],"filters":[143],"real":[145],"simulated":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":97},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":97},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":110},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":96},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":99}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
