{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062377375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1981.4767124","title":"Steps Toward Knowledge-Based Machine Translation","display_name":"Steps Toward Knowledge-Based Machine Translation","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062377375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1981.4767124","mag":"2062377375","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21868959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1981.4767124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1981.4767124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097614212","display_name":"Jaime G. Carbonell","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaime G. Carbonell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Project, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15","Artificial Intelligence Project, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Project, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Project, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000072250","display_name":"Richard E. Cullingford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard E. Cullingford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence Project, Yale University, New Heaven, CT, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","MEMBER, IEEE, Artificial Intelligence Project, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; Department of Electrical and Computer Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence Project, Yale University, New Heaven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MEMBER, IEEE, Artificial Intelligence Project, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; Department of Electrical and Computer Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 15213","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002203075","display_name":"Anatole Gershman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154100212","display_name":"Schlumberger (British Virgin Islands)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ydfc370","country_code":"VG","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154100212","https://openalex.org/I4210092184"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090857","display_name":"Schlumberger (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/009m79n22","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857","https://openalex.org/I4210092184"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA","US","VG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anatole V. Gershman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence Project, Yale University, New Heaven, CT, USA","Schlumberger Research Laboratories, Ridgefield, CT, USA","Artifical Intelligence Project, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; Schlumberger Research Laboratories, Ridgefield, CT 06877"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence Project, Yale University, New Heaven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schlumberger Research Laboratories, Ridgefield, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154100212","https://openalex.org/I4210090857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artifical Intelligence Project, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; Schlumberger Research Laboratories, Ridgefield, CT 06877","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5097614212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0556,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91839763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"PAMI-3","issue":"4","first_page":"376","last_page":"392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8503202199935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.8171663284301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7230937480926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6720042824745178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6026936173439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.5464552640914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5436122417449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.5409482717514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.5249481201171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-assisted-translation","display_name":"Computer-assisted translation","score":0.5233687162399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.5187409520149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.45557087659835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.45181941986083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.43026190996170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.42716193199157715}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8503202199935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.8171663284301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7230937480926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6720042824745178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6026936173439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.5464552640914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5436122417449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.5409482717514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5249481201171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110046852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468495","display_name":"Computer-assisted translation","level":3,"score":0.5233687162399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.5187409520149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.45557087659835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.45181941986083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.43026190996170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.42716193199157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1981.4767124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1981.4767124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21868959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21868959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751752","https://openalex.org/W193854645","https://openalex.org/W291389068","https://openalex.org/W1481431397","https://openalex.org/W1495683013","https://openalex.org/W1500643282","https://openalex.org/W1516140354","https://openalex.org/W1519933710","https://openalex.org/W1539432109","https://openalex.org/W1564829649","https://openalex.org/W1570491564","https://openalex.org/W1602312040","https://openalex.org/W1608789752","https://openalex.org/W1828757688","https://openalex.org/W1964922004","https://openalex.org/W1966506925","https://openalex.org/W1981724541","https://openalex.org/W1984938651","https://openalex.org/W2005814556","https://openalex.org/W2018125432","https://openalex.org/W2032367917","https://openalex.org/W2033768745","https://openalex.org/W2035032881","https://openalex.org/W2038168458","https://openalex.org/W2042008249","https://openalex.org/W2062377375","https://openalex.org/W2083263181","https://openalex.org/W2089225447","https://openalex.org/W2099531122","https://openalex.org/W2152909313","https://openalex.org/W2157368609","https://openalex.org/W3021292343","https://openalex.org/W3022593335","https://openalex.org/W4238264692","https://openalex.org/W4249258521","https://openalex.org/W6629846547","https://openalex.org/W6632202090","https://openalex.org/W6638687074","https://openalex.org/W6641955925","https://openalex.org/W6660980442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383963481","https://openalex.org/W2010336863","https://openalex.org/W3204448004","https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W4226215123","https://openalex.org/W2166769824","https://openalex.org/W4226270556","https://openalex.org/W4251618855","https://openalex.org/W1504625892","https://openalex.org/W2163454936"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"the":[3,11,32,51,72,86,97,101],"possibilities":[4],"for":[5],"knowledge-based":[6],"automatic":[7],"text":[8,53],"translation":[9,24,46,108],"in":[10,16,36,74,85,126,144],"light":[12],"of":[13,29,31,96,115,136,147],"recent":[14],"advances":[15],"artificial":[17],"intelligence.":[18],"It":[19],"is":[20,48,54],"argued":[21],"that":[22,81],"competent":[23],"requires":[25],"some":[26],"reasonable":[27],"depth":[28],"understanding":[30],"source":[33,52],"text,":[34],"and,":[35],"particular,":[37],"access":[38],"to":[39,70],"detailed":[40],"contextual":[41,67],"information.":[42],"The":[43],"following":[44],"machine":[45],"paradigm":[47],"proposed.":[49],"First,":[50],"analyzed":[55],"and":[56,117,120],"mapped":[57],"into":[58,100],"a":[59,90,127,145],"language-free":[60,98],"conceptual":[61],"representation.":[62],"Inference":[63],"mechanisms":[64],"then":[65,139],"apply":[66],"world":[68],"knowledge":[69],"augment":[71],"representation":[73,99],"various":[75],"ways,":[76],"adding":[77],"information":[78],"about":[79],"items":[80],"were":[82],"only":[83],"implicit":[84],"input":[87],"text.":[88],"Finally,":[89],"natural-language":[91],"generator":[92],"maps":[93],"appropriate":[94],"sections":[95],"target":[102],"language.":[103],"We":[104],"discuss":[105],"several":[106],"difficult":[107],"problems":[109],"from":[110],"this":[111],"viewpoint":[112],"with":[113],"examples":[114],"English-to-Spanish":[116],"English-to-Russian":[118],"translations;":[119],"illustrate":[121],"possible":[122],"solutions":[123],"as":[124],"embodied":[125],"computer":[128],"understander":[129],"called":[130],"SAM,":[131],"which":[132],"reads":[133],"certain":[134],"kinds":[135],"newspaper":[137],"stories,":[138],"summarizes":[140],"or":[141],"paraphrases":[142],"them":[143],"variety":[146],"languages.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}