{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2031857751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1981.4767077","title":"Pixel Labeling by Supervised Probabilistic Relaxation","display_name":"Pixel Labeling by Supervised Probabilistic Relaxation","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2031857751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1981.4767077","mag":"2031857751","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21868934"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1981.4767077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1981.4767077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19800021313/downloads/19800021313.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063948090","display_name":"John A. Richards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-7305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117015748","display_name":"Purdue University Northwest","ror":"https://ror.org/04keq6987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117015748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. A. Richards","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; School of Electrical Engineering, University of","School of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, Calumet, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Electrical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; School of Electrical Engineering, University of","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, Calumet, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117015748"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112671848","display_name":"D. A. Landgrebe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117015748","display_name":"Purdue University Northwest","ror":"https://ror.org/04keq6987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117015748"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. A. Landgrebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, Calumet, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, Calumet, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117015748"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112241244","display_name":"P. H. Swain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117015748","display_name":"Purdue University Northwest","ror":"https://ror.org/04keq6987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117015748"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. H. Swain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, Calumet, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, Calumet, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117015748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063948090"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117015748","https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5704,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83625791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"PAMI-3","issue":"2","first_page":"188","last_page":"191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9588000178337097,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.8343672156333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","score":0.8008666634559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7231147289276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6503661870956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6163891553878784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5357080698013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5135641098022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4938586354255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.48100408911705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43825262784957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41411516070365906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.8343672156333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8008666634559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7231147289276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6503661870956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6163891553878784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5357080698013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5135641098022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4938586354255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.48100408911705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43825262784957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41411516070365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.1981.4767077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1981.4767077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21868934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21868934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:19800021313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800021313","pdf_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19800021313/downloads/19800021313.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196257","display_name":"NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"E80-10267"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:19800021313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800021313","pdf_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19800021313/downloads/19800021313.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196257","display_name":"NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"E80-10267"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2031857751.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2031857751.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979622972","https://openalex.org/W1990852520","https://openalex.org/W2002202571","https://openalex.org/W2045413440","https://openalex.org/W2188102446","https://openalex.org/W4237222296","https://openalex.org/W4252244642"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585007175","https://openalex.org/W2382521049","https://openalex.org/W2144385241","https://openalex.org/W2165950148","https://openalex.org/W4253593777","https://openalex.org/W2951497643","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W4300101996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"simple":[1],"modification":[2],"to":[3,18,56,91,95],"existing":[4],"probabilistic":[5],"relaxation":[6,26,52],"procedures":[7],"is":[8,88],"suggested":[9],"which":[10,74],"allows":[11],"the":[12,23,28,33,49,62,76,83,97],"information":[13],"contained":[14],"in":[15,46],"initial":[16,34],"labels":[17,35],"exert":[19],"an":[20],"influence":[21,96],"on":[22],"direction":[24],"of":[25,51,61],"throughout":[27],"process.":[29,98],"In":[30],"this":[31],"manner,":[32],"assume":[36],"more":[37],"importance":[38],"than":[39],"with":[40,48,82],"conventional":[41],"algorithms":[42],"and":[43],"are":[44,72],"used":[45],"combination":[47],"outcome":[50],"at":[53],"each":[54],"iteration":[55],"produce":[57],"a":[58,66],"cooperative":[59],"estimate":[60],"correct":[63],"label":[64],"for":[65],"particular":[67],"object.":[68],"Pixel":[69],"labeling":[70],"examples":[71],"presented":[73],"show":[75],"performance":[77],"that":[78],"can":[79],"be":[80],"obtained":[81],"modified":[84],"algorithm.":[85],"The":[86],"procedure":[87],"readily":[89],"generalized":[90],"allow":[92],"other":[93],"data":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
