{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126119041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2026.3659135","title":"Traffic Engineering in Large-Scale Networks With Generalizable Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Traffic Engineering in Large-Scale Networks With Generalizable Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126119041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2026.3659135"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2026.3659135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2026.3659135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081022501","display_name":"Fangtong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0750-1441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fangtong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0750-1441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sihao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-3732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sihao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-3732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124249231","display_name":"Xiaorui Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8217-5688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039743876","display_name":"Ruozhou Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-5158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruozhou Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-5158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037624385","display_name":"G. Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoliang Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5833-8894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081022501"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16403563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"3137","last_page":"3149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.7330999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.7330999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.044599998742341995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.669700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.654699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-engineering","display_name":"Traffic engineering","score":0.33379998803138733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.669700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.654699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16160715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640676","display_name":"Traffic engineering","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2026.3659135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2026.3659135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3175985304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2433966","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4625198684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2045539","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1783487834","https://openalex.org/W2068531154","https://openalex.org/W2105808107","https://openalex.org/W2117595194","https://openalex.org/W2131058166","https://openalex.org/W2511505324","https://openalex.org/W2557772052","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2976585653","https://openalex.org/W2977233750","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3003635954","https://openalex.org/W3044151572","https://openalex.org/W3048783198","https://openalex.org/W3114678595","https://openalex.org/W3162001942","https://openalex.org/W3173319990","https://openalex.org/W3188522200","https://openalex.org/W3197818567","https://openalex.org/W3203600045","https://openalex.org/W4236202168","https://openalex.org/W4283211170","https://openalex.org/W4290990894","https://openalex.org/W4293775970","https://openalex.org/W4297989938","https://openalex.org/W4311137534","https://openalex.org/W4386385565","https://openalex.org/W4396816763","https://openalex.org/W4401176517","https://openalex.org/W4412623843","https://openalex.org/W4413756791"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"Engineering":[1],"(TE)":[2],"in":[3,73,181,193],"large-scale":[4,74],"networks":[5,170],"like":[6],"cloud":[7],"Wide":[8],"Area":[9],"Networks":[10],"(WANs)":[11],"and":[12,51,113,139,151,157,161,166,176,224],"Low":[13],"Earth":[14],"Orbit":[15],"(LEO)":[16],"satellite":[17],"constellations":[18],"is":[19,40,86,128,140],"a":[20,44,52,62],"critical":[21],"challenge.":[22],"Although":[23],"learning-based":[24,236],"approaches":[25],"have":[26],"been":[27],"proposed":[28],"to":[29,54,68,111,130,142,154,173,215,227],"address":[30],"the":[31,89,94,98,104,116,131,199,207,234],"scalability":[32],"of":[33,46,92,96,120,171],"traditional":[34,221],"TE":[35,64,70,100,106,123,146,217],"algorithms,":[36],"their":[37],"practical":[38],"application":[39],"often":[41],"hindered":[42],"by":[43],"lack":[45],"generalization,":[47],"high":[48],"training":[49,209,229],"overhead,":[50],"failure":[53],"respect":[55],"link":[56],"capacities.":[57],"This":[58],"paper":[59],"proposes":[60],"TELGEN,":[61],"novel":[63,90],"algorithm":[65,127],"that":[66],"learns":[67],"solve":[69,145],"problems":[71,147],"efficiently":[72,114,144],"network":[75,83,134,201],"scenarios,":[76,196],"while":[77,190],"achieving":[78],"superior":[79],"generalizability":[80],"across":[81],"diverse":[82],"conditions.":[84],"TELGEN":[85,110,163,183],"based":[87],"on":[88],"idea":[91],"transforming":[93],"problem":[95],"\u201cpredicting":[97,103],"optimal":[99,105,122],"solution\u201d":[101],"into":[102],"algorithm\u201d,":[107],"which":[108],"enables":[109],"learn":[112],"approximate":[115],"end-to-end":[117],"solving":[118,218],"process":[119],"classical":[121],"algorithms.":[124],"The":[125],"learned":[126],"agnostic":[129],"exact":[132],"underlying":[133],"topology":[135],"or":[136],"traffic":[137],"patterns,":[138],"able":[141],"very":[143],"given":[148],"arbitrary":[149],"inputs":[150],"generalize":[152],"well":[153],"unseen":[155],"topologies":[156],"demands.":[158],"We":[159],"train":[160],"evaluate":[162],"with":[164,169],"random":[165],"real-world":[167],"topologies,":[168],"up":[172,214,226],"5000":[174],"nodes":[175,205],"3.6\u00d710<sup":[177],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">6</sup>":[179],"links":[180],"testing.":[182],"shows":[184],"less":[185],"than":[186,206,220,233],"3%":[187],"optimality":[188],"gap":[189],"ensuring":[191],"feasibility":[192],"all":[194],"testing":[195],"even":[197],"when":[198],"test":[200],"has":[202],"2-20\u00d7":[203],"more":[204],"largest":[208],"network.":[210],"It":[211],"also":[212],"saves":[213],"84%":[216],"time":[219,230],"interior-point":[222],"method,":[223],"reduces":[225],"79.6%":[228],"per":[231],"epoch":[232],"state-of-the-art":[235],"algorithm.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-08T09:19:03.324500","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}