{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417169116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3639502","title":"High-Efficient Quantum Key Distribution With Routing and Photon Source Provisioning","display_name":"High-Efficient Quantum Key Distribution With Routing and Photon Source Provisioning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417169116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3639502"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3639502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3639502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5350-8623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5350-8623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075889174","display_name":"Yangming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-3024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-3024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019604942","display_name":"Liusheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-3256"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liusheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-3256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435639","display_name":"Kun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6782-6689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6782-6689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100728176","display_name":"Chunming Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4679-6572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4679-6572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19779178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"2119","last_page":"2134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9143999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9143999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.026100000366568565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.010300000198185444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.6717000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.38119998574256897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6941999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.6717000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.593500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160333310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398153","display_name":"Key distribution","level":4,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3639502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3639502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3352484557","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3582624582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G835933857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0300705","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632601927","https://openalex.org/W2003762972","https://openalex.org/W2006155898","https://openalex.org/W2007229782","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2080553533","https://openalex.org/W2105808107","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2141810662","https://openalex.org/W2171074980","https://openalex.org/W2508902623","https://openalex.org/W2566091043","https://openalex.org/W2625737531","https://openalex.org/W2766679834","https://openalex.org/W2807454218","https://openalex.org/W2946743721","https://openalex.org/W2963893013","https://openalex.org/W2992163789","https://openalex.org/W3134905652","https://openalex.org/W3156680059","https://openalex.org/W3178307110","https://openalex.org/W4281624875","https://openalex.org/W4283832122","https://openalex.org/W4312080637","https://openalex.org/W4312342941","https://openalex.org/W4315629683","https://openalex.org/W4323669919","https://openalex.org/W4367299451","https://openalex.org/W4401508551"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"Key":[1],"Distribution":[2],"(QKD)":[3],"is":[4,174],"considered":[5],"to":[6,11,72,85,104,125,133,139,162,205,235,243],"be":[7,137],"the":[8,49,61,76,102,114,120,169,193,241],"ultimate":[9],"solution":[10],"communication":[12],"security.":[13],"However,":[14],"current":[15],"QKD":[16,43,97,109,216,248,255],"devices,":[17],"especially":[18],"quantum":[19],"photon":[20,58,79,123,150,198,208],"sources,":[21],"are":[22,195],"expensive,":[23],"and":[24,56,66,119,149,181,200,230,238,253],"they":[25,201],"can":[26,136,214,232],"generate":[27],"secret":[28,53,127,146],"keys":[29,153],"only":[30,74,190],"at":[31,87,154],"a":[32,83,106,172,245],"low":[33],"rate.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38,130,158,213],"first":[39],"consider":[40],"homogeneous":[41],"trusted-relay-based":[42],"networks":[44,141],"where":[45,142,189],"every":[46,57],"request":[47],"has":[48,60],"same":[50,62],"amount":[51],"of":[52,78,108,116,122,168,192,240,247],"key":[54,63,147],"requirement":[55],"source":[59,209],"distribution":[64],"rate,":[65],"design":[67],"an":[68],"approach":[69],"named":[70],"RPSP":[71,132,161,180],"not":[73],"minimize":[75],"number":[77],"sources":[80,124,151,199],"needed":[81],"in":[82,171,250],"network":[84,173],"ensure":[86],"least":[88],"one":[89],"feasible":[90],"relay":[91,117],"path":[92],"exists":[93],"for":[94],"any":[95],"potential":[96],"requests":[98,110,143,249],"but":[99],"also":[100,159],"save":[101,233],"time":[103,242],"complete":[105,244],"batch":[107,246],"by":[111],"jointly":[112],"optimizing":[113],"routing":[115],"paths":[118],"provisioning":[121,210],"distribute":[126,152],"keys.":[128],"Then,":[129],"extend":[131,160],"RPSP-HN":[134],"which":[135,164],"applied":[138],"heterogeneous":[140],"have":[144],"different":[145,155],"requirements":[148],"rates.":[156],"Furthermore,":[157],"RPSP-HY,":[163],"considers":[165],"that":[166,212,223],"some":[167,191],"nodes":[170,194],"untrusted.":[175],"Compared":[176],"with":[177,197,225],"existing":[178],"works,":[179],"its":[182],"extensions":[183],"focus":[184],"on":[185],"more":[186,218],"practical":[187],"scenarios":[188],"equipped":[196],"leverage":[202],"optical":[203],"switching":[204],"enable":[206],"dynamic":[207],"such":[211],"utilize":[215],"devices":[217],"efficiently.":[219],"Extensive":[220],"simulations":[221],"show":[222],"compared":[224],"baseline":[226],"schemes,":[227],"RPSP,":[228],"RPSP-HN,":[229],"RPSP-HY":[231],"up":[234],"33%,":[236],"37%,":[237],"25%":[239],"homogeneous,":[251],"heterogeneous,":[252],"hybrid":[254],"networks,":[256],"respectively.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}
