{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416513641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3633764","title":"CoCFL: A Lightweight Blockchain-Based Federated Learning Framework for Large-Scale IoT Cluster","display_name":"CoCFL: A Lightweight Blockchain-Based Federated Learning Framework for Large-Scale IoT Cluster","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416513641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3633764"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3633764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3633764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011357293","display_name":"Keqiu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1758-3030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiulong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1758-3030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101573590","display_name":"Changzhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4233-3329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changzhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069526885","display_name":"Yang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6486-4340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072995356","display_name":"Dengcheng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2126-3040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dengcheng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2126-3040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074663819","display_name":"Hao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102003658","display_name":"Jianrong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8980-1634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianrong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8980-1634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101474714","display_name":"Keqiu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-7907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keqiu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-7907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92114219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"1851","last_page":"1864"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9217000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9217000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.754800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-efficiency","display_name":"Resource efficiency","score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-consumption","display_name":"Resource consumption","score":0.3716999888420105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.754800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6808000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777958785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120940","display_name":"Resource efficiency","level":2,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777480716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582796","display_name":"Resource consumption","level":2,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780264999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445032","display_name":"Security domain","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777072894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4812204","display_name":"Asynchronous learning","level":5,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3633764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3633764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2876610825","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025M771566","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7151908454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62032017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7215665166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GZB20250403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8888446084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62502338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951832089","https://openalex.org/W3014517104","https://openalex.org/W3019945581","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3048448986","https://openalex.org/W3113149354","https://openalex.org/W3156173029","https://openalex.org/W3209576002","https://openalex.org/W4220883012","https://openalex.org/W4225666560","https://openalex.org/W4229455429","https://openalex.org/W4285153754","https://openalex.org/W4293211913","https://openalex.org/W4294733424","https://openalex.org/W4308650960","https://openalex.org/W4310053206","https://openalex.org/W4383753351","https://openalex.org/W4387544171","https://openalex.org/W4391305468","https://openalex.org/W4392158199","https://openalex.org/W4395069486","https://openalex.org/W4399262484","https://openalex.org/W4400491145","https://openalex.org/W4401508622","https://openalex.org/W4401752487","https://openalex.org/W4408324699","https://openalex.org/W7084035985","https://openalex.org/W7101416463"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain-based":[0],"Federated":[1],"Learning":[2],"(BCFL)":[3],"has":[4],"attracted":[5],"considerable":[6],"attention":[7],"in":[8,41,189],"the":[9,160,180,186,195,218],"intelligent":[10],"IoT":[11,43,84],"domain":[12],"for":[13,82,119,135],"its":[14],"privacy-preserving":[15],"and":[16,32,76,106,158,174,177,210,227,240,261],"decentralized":[17],"characteristics.":[18],"Depending":[19],"on":[20,109,150],"their":[21,151],"applicable":[22],"scenarios,":[23],"BCFL":[24,36,47,56,95,246],"frameworks":[25],"are":[26],"categorized":[27],"into":[28,163],"two":[29,102],"types:":[30],"synchronous":[31,35,116],"asynchronous.":[33],"However,":[34],"struggles":[37],"with":[38,122,253],"low":[39],"efficiency":[40,219,241],"heterogeneous":[42,136],"environments,":[44],"while":[45,129,270],"asynchronous":[46,133],"suffers":[48],"from":[49,61],"slow":[50],"convergence":[51,175],"speed.":[52],"In":[53,184],"additional,":[54,185],"Both":[55],"incur":[57],"significant":[58],"resource":[59,74],"consumption":[60,255],"blockchain":[62,196],"consensus":[63,187],"mechanisms":[64,188],"which":[65,138],"is":[66],"unrelated":[67],"to":[68,73,125,146,153,265],"federated":[69],"learning":[70,120,225,236],"tasks,":[71],"leading":[72],"wastage":[75],"poor":[77],"scalability,":[78,252],"making":[79],"them":[80],"unsuitable":[81],"large-scale":[83],"networks.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"these":[88],"challenges,":[89],"we":[90],"propose":[91],"CoCFL,":[92],"a":[93,115,164],"novel":[94],"framework":[96],"utilizing":[97],"multi-chain":[98,168],"collaboration.":[99],"CoCFL":[100,143,190,234],"introduces":[101],"lightweight":[103],"sub-chains:":[104],"PoCFL-CChain":[105,113],"PC-CChain,":[107],"based":[108,149],"different":[110],"FL":[111,117,156],"strategy.":[112],"uses":[114],"strategy":[118,134,170],"devices":[121,145],"similar":[123],"performance":[124,152],"generate":[126],"high-accuracy":[127],"models,":[128],"PC-CChain":[130],"adopts":[131],"an":[132],"devices,":[137],"can":[139,262],"improving":[140,217],"training":[141],"efficiency.":[142],"assigns":[144],"suitable":[147],"sub-chains":[148,191,259],"carry":[154],"out":[155],"tasks":[157,202],"aggregates":[159],"sub-chain":[161],"models":[162],"global":[165],"model.":[166],"This":[167,213],"collaboration":[169],"enhances":[171,224],"model":[172],"accuracy":[173,237],"speed":[176],"significantly":[178],"improves":[179,235],"scalability":[181],"of":[182,220,267],"BCFL.":[183],"not":[192,215],"only":[193,216],"maintain":[194],"ledger":[197],"but":[198,222],"also":[199,223,249],"handle":[200],"FL-related":[201],"such":[203],"as":[204,258],"detecting":[205],"poisoning":[206,268],"attacks,":[207],"assigning":[208],"roles,":[209],"distributing":[211],"incentives.":[212,230,273],"design":[214],"BCFL,":[221],"security":[226],"ensuring":[228,271],"fair":[229,272],"Experiments":[231],"show":[232],"that":[233],"by":[238,242],"6%":[239],"18%":[243],"over":[244],"existing":[245],"frameworks.":[247],"It":[248],"demonstrates":[250],"excellent":[251],"time":[254],"liner":[256],"decreasing":[257],"increase,":[260],"withstand":[263],"up":[264],"40%":[266],"attacks":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}