{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415481573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3619500","title":"Sub-Symbol Backscatter Using CCK Signal in WiFi","display_name":"Sub-Symbol Backscatter Using CCK Signal in WiFi","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415481573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3619500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3619500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3619500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2031/1db51c8d-9601-447d-9d15-4c1c71620de1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080116083","display_name":"Longzhi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-0256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longzhi Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-0256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013699453","display_name":"Hangcheng Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-8576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hangcheng Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-8576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101683485","display_name":"Wei Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2986-3956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2986-3956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016290340","display_name":"Yuguang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-3871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuguang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-3871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57648788,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"1270","last_page":"1283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.6312000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.617900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keying","display_name":"Keying","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.37400001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.6312000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.617900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398306","display_name":"Keying","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206468330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834373","display_name":"Code rate","level":3,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197264572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2095206","display_name":"Pilot signal","level":3,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163996819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166054","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67692717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187444","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","level":3,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3619500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3619500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/1db51c8d-9601-447d-9d15-4c1c71620de1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2031/1db51c8d-9601-447d-9d15-4c1c71620de1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055387","display_name":"CityU Scholars","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Yuan, L, Cao, H, Gong, W & Fang, Y 2026, 'Sub-Symbol Backscatter Using CCK Signal in WiFi', IEEE Transactions on Networking, vol. 34, pp. 1270-1283. https://doi.org/10.1109/TON.2025.3619500","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/1db51c8d-9601-447d-9d15-4c1c71620de1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2031/1db51c8d-9601-447d-9d15-4c1c71620de1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055387","display_name":"CityU Scholars","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Yuan, L, Cao, H, Gong, W & Fang, Y 2026, 'Sub-Symbol Backscatter Using CCK Signal in WiFi', IEEE Transactions on Networking, vol. 34, pp. 1270-1283. https://doi.org/10.1109/TON.2025.3619500","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4684253984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471451","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W363504514","https://openalex.org/W2022279376","https://openalex.org/W2079550442","https://openalex.org/W2095737247","https://openalex.org/W2122683098","https://openalex.org/W2126433409","https://openalex.org/W2153810958","https://openalex.org/W2160766950","https://openalex.org/W2163121749","https://openalex.org/W2169064562","https://openalex.org/W2481477255","https://openalex.org/W2495264776","https://openalex.org/W2547263323","https://openalex.org/W2583834843","https://openalex.org/W2607107281","https://openalex.org/W2615463707","https://openalex.org/W2769075568","https://openalex.org/W2793330672","https://openalex.org/W2873588347","https://openalex.org/W2896782758","https://openalex.org/W2898585166","https://openalex.org/W2968103728","https://openalex.org/W3046550298","https://openalex.org/W3046884028","https://openalex.org/W3047370150","https://openalex.org/W3174330873","https://openalex.org/W4312587909","https://openalex.org/W4405031324"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Throughput":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,36,48,124,160],"critical":[3],"performance":[4,145],"metric":[5],"in":[6,138],"backscatter":[7,100,130,170],"communication":[8],"systems.":[9],"Existing":[10],"approaches":[11],"either":[12],"suffer":[13],"from":[14,119,197,210,220],"limited":[15],"throughput":[16,42,161,205],"or":[17,22],"necessitate":[18],"modifications":[19],"to":[20,25,57,114,143,200,213,222],"transmitters":[21],"receivers,":[23],"leading":[24,169],"incompatibility":[26],"with":[27,84,123,153,173],"commodity":[28],"radios.":[29,175],"In":[30,132],"this":[31],"paper,":[32],"we":[33,134],"introduce":[34],"SubScatter,":[35],"system":[37],"that":[38,102,167,183],"achieves":[39],"both":[40],"high":[41],"and":[43],"excellent":[44],"compatibility.":[45],"It":[46],"employs":[47,109],"single":[49],"Complementary":[50],"Code":[51],"Keying":[52],"(CCK)-modulated":[53],"802.11b":[54],"WiFi":[55],"symbol":[56],"transmit":[58],"eight":[59,71],"tag":[60,105],"bits":[61],"by":[62],"manipulating":[63],"the":[64,67,76,91,99,104,116,120,128,192,217],"phase":[65],"of":[66,168],"backscattered":[68],"signal":[69,187],"across":[70,146],"discrete":[72],"time":[73],"slots":[74],"within":[75],"symbol,":[77],"thereby":[78],"enhancing":[79],"throughput.":[80],"To":[81],"ensure":[82],"compatibility":[83],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[85],"(COTS)":[86],"radios,":[87],"SubScatter":[88,108],"exclusively":[89],"utilizes":[90],"physical":[92],"service":[93],"data":[94],"unit":[95],"(PSDU)":[96],"for":[97],"recovering":[98],"modulation":[101,141],"conveys":[103],"bits.":[106],"Additionally,":[107],"real-time":[110],"Hamming":[111],"distance":[112],"calculations":[113],"synchronize":[115],"binary":[117],"envelope":[118],"synchronization":[121,178],"circuit":[122],"reference":[125],"sequence,":[126],"facilitating":[127],"sub-symbol":[129],"modulation.":[131],"addition,":[133],"emphasize":[135],"SubScatter\u2019s":[136,204],"versatility":[137],"adapting":[139],"its":[140,157],"scheme":[142],"optimize":[144],"various":[147],"channel":[148],"conditions.":[149],"Extensive":[150],"experiments":[151],"conducted":[152],"our":[154],"prototype":[155],"validate":[156],"effectiveness,":[158],"achieving":[159],"approximately":[162],"11":[163,211],"times":[164],"higher":[165],"than":[166],"systems":[171],"compatible":[172],"COTS":[174],"Our":[176],"Hamming-distance-based":[177],"method":[179],"outperforms":[180],"conventional":[181],"designs":[182],"rely":[184],"solely":[185],"on":[186],"power":[188],"detection,":[189],"successfully":[190],"reducing":[191],"bit":[193],"error":[194],"rate":[195],"(BER)":[196],"over":[198],"10%":[199],"below":[201],"1%.":[202],"Moreover,":[203],"can":[206],"be":[207],"flexibly":[208],"adjusted":[209],"Mbps":[212],"1.57":[214],"Mbps,":[215],"while":[216],"BER":[218],"improves":[219],"0.29%":[221],"0.04%.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-23T00:00:00"}
