{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414265809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3606860","title":"I <sup>2</sup> BGP: A Privacy-Preserving Intra-AS State-Assisted Inter-AS Routing Scheme","display_name":"I <sup>2</sup> BGP: A Privacy-Preserving Intra-AS State-Assisted Inter-AS Routing Scheme","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414265809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3606860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3606860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3606860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065711574","display_name":"Peizhuang Cong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-745X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peizhuang Cong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-745X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649609","display_name":"Yuchao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-8915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-8915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0287-4399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0287-4399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329067","display_name":"Wendong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-8087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6418-8087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069277955","display_name":"Tong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-5854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multimedia Information Processing, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-5854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multimedia Information Processing, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380761","display_name":"Dan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7581-8865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7581-8865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665814","display_name":"Ke Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2587-8517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2587-8517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15138814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"710","last_page":"724"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/border-gateway-protocol","display_name":"Border Gateway Protocol","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/header","display_name":"Header","score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-free-zone","display_name":"Default-free zone","score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equal-cost-multi-path-routing","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-based-routing","display_name":"Policy-based routing","score":0.37459999322891235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7786999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7330999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178086212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11155","display_name":"Border Gateway Protocol","level":5,"score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48105269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141160","display_name":"Header","level":2,"score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101396714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3021187","display_name":"Default-free zone","level":5,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94600068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371621","display_name":"Routing domain","level":5,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87044965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091139","display_name":"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117387248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11186","display_name":"Private network","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128917274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666535","display_name":"Path vector protocol","level":5,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3606860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3606860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2532854479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5252299824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62425201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5659951837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62502014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6162837587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7239792207","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084500143","https://openalex.org/W2129567254","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2147575919","https://openalex.org/W2155952763","https://openalex.org/W2333538671","https://openalex.org/W2605554748","https://openalex.org/W2605803056","https://openalex.org/W2735399430","https://openalex.org/W2742834682","https://openalex.org/W2743364770","https://openalex.org/W2743636887","https://openalex.org/W2744660401","https://openalex.org/W2770845214","https://openalex.org/W2810731626","https://openalex.org/W2976055076","https://openalex.org/W2976646594","https://openalex.org/W2979959231","https://openalex.org/W3014592598","https://openalex.org/W3044263787","https://openalex.org/W3047513175","https://openalex.org/W3048892561","https://openalex.org/W3048895628","https://openalex.org/W3048941562","https://openalex.org/W3107666013","https://openalex.org/W3137671267","https://openalex.org/W3148666712","https://openalex.org/W3160294220","https://openalex.org/W3199671339","https://openalex.org/W4236202168","https://openalex.org/W4248764591","https://openalex.org/W4253165142","https://openalex.org/W4283837898","https://openalex.org/W4302734258","https://openalex.org/W4323519499","https://openalex.org/W4386090452","https://openalex.org/W4387412966","https://openalex.org/W4390755147","https://openalex.org/W4395679697","https://openalex.org/W4400727126"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BGP":[0,44,139,196],"is":[1,16,71],"the":[2,20,35,38,61,88,104,160,174],"most":[3],"widely":[4],"employed":[5],"inter-AS":[6,111,119,126,163],"routing":[7,55,100,120],"protocol,":[8],"connecting":[9],"millions":[10],"of":[11,37,43,79,106,162,199],"ASes":[12],"worldwide.":[13],"While":[14],"it":[15],"possible":[17],"to":[18,34,53,142,154],"select":[19,58,124],"egress":[21],"for":[22,110],"outgoing":[23],"flows":[24],"based":[25,185],"on":[26,186],"administrators\u2019":[27],"configurations,":[28],"such":[29],"schemes":[30],"are":[31],"localized":[32],"due":[33],"privacy":[36],"intra-AS":[39,108,117,131,156,166],"network":[40,183,188],"state.":[41],"TheAS_Pathfield":[42],"records":[45],"all":[46],"crossed":[47],"ASes,":[48],"which":[49,94,122],"can":[50,123],"be":[51],"used":[52],"prevent":[54],"loops":[56],"and":[57,74,147,180,204],"paths,i.e.,":[59],"selecting":[60,82,98],"minimum":[62],"AS-hop":[63],"path":[64,144],"among":[65],"available":[66],"paths.":[67,101],"Although":[68],"this":[69],"scheme":[70],"simple,":[72],"effective,":[73],"offers":[75],"a":[76,115,149,181],"certain":[77],"degree":[78],"global":[80],"perspective,":[81],"paths":[83,127,164],"at":[84],"AS":[85],"granularity":[86],"ignores":[87],"transmission":[89],"performance":[90,145],"within":[91],"each":[92],"intra-AS,":[93],"may":[95],"result":[96],"in":[97,173,197],"non-optimal":[99],"To":[102],"enable":[103],"use":[105],"private":[107],"data":[109,151],"routing,":[112],"we":[113,135],"proposed":[114],"privacy-preserving":[116],"state-assisted":[118],"scheme,":[121],"optimal":[125],"without":[128],"disclosing":[129],"specific":[130],"state":[132,157,167],"data.":[133],"Specifically,":[134],"added":[136],"an":[137],"additional":[138],"header":[140],"field":[141],"carry":[143],"features":[146],"designed":[148],"three-step":[150],"masking":[152],"mechanism":[153],"protect":[155],"data,":[158],"enabling":[159],"selection":[161],"with":[165],"awareness.":[168],"I2BGP":[169,194],"has":[170],"been":[171],"deployed":[172],"Greater":[175],"Bay":[176],"Area":[177],"Future":[178],"Network":[179],"large-scale":[182],"simulator":[184],"real":[187],"topologies.":[189],"The":[190],"results":[191],"show":[192],"that":[193],"outperforms":[195],"terms":[198],"specified":[200],"forwarding":[201],"hops,":[202],"delay,":[203],"bandwidth":[205],"metrics.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}