{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414080566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3606263","title":"Cost-Aware High-Fidelity Entanglement Distribution and Purification in the Quantum Internet","display_name":"Cost-Aware High-Fidelity Entanglement Distribution and Purification in the Quantum Internet","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414080566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3606263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3606263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3606263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089571901","display_name":"Huayue Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9426-0596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801313472","display_name":"North Central State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6b6f76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huayue Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9426-0596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102792588","display_name":"Zhouyu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801313472","display_name":"North Central State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6b6f76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhouyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078428081","display_name":"Xiaojian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2422-3183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2422-3183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048130147","display_name":"Dejun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-4423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167576493","display_name":"Colorado School of Mines","ror":"https://ror.org/04raf6v53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dejun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-4423","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026230689","display_name":"Guoliang Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5833-8894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoliang Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5833-8894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039743876","display_name":"Ruozhou Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-5158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801313472","display_name":"North Central State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6b6f76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruozhou Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-5158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089571901"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I2801313472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0398,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89792259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"681","last_page":"696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.7597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-fidelity","display_name":"High fidelity","score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channel","display_name":"Quantum channel","score":0.3666999936103821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.7597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.663100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41241483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269015","display_name":"Quantum capacity","level":5,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206040425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4748511","display_name":"Amplitude damping channel","level":5,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91717678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135332","display_name":"Quantum teleportation","level":5,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3606263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3606263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1805665308","https://openalex.org/W1974705763","https://openalex.org/W1982970299","https://openalex.org/W1991335679","https://openalex.org/W2000446243","https://openalex.org/W2003762972","https://openalex.org/W2006155898","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2018199241","https://openalex.org/W2060451864","https://openalex.org/W2060598711","https://openalex.org/W2060887031","https://openalex.org/W2063519529","https://openalex.org/W2064870863","https://openalex.org/W2067044773","https://openalex.org/W2102760493","https://openalex.org/W2105808107","https://openalex.org/W2108548906","https://openalex.org/W2130626677","https://openalex.org/W2138203529","https://openalex.org/W2138966110","https://openalex.org/W2151914114","https://openalex.org/W2342649568","https://openalex.org/W2405707395","https://openalex.org/W2508902623","https://openalex.org/W2529723208","https://openalex.org/W2569115266","https://openalex.org/W2625737531","https://openalex.org/W2768271487","https://openalex.org/W2768979208","https://openalex.org/W2886074051","https://openalex.org/W2946363947","https://openalex.org/W2963893013","https://openalex.org/W2967092875","https://openalex.org/W3001887855","https://openalex.org/W3004917755","https://openalex.org/W3013743622","https://openalex.org/W3046704400","https://openalex.org/W3049101820","https://openalex.org/W3104932439","https://openalex.org/W3117812207","https://openalex.org/W3134905652","https://openalex.org/W3156680059","https://openalex.org/W3186903791","https://openalex.org/W3196922736","https://openalex.org/W4206478994","https://openalex.org/W4225558362","https://openalex.org/W4281624875","https://openalex.org/W4283214197","https://openalex.org/W4285407907","https://openalex.org/W4312154946","https://openalex.org/W4385693084","https://openalex.org/W4386243259","https://openalex.org/W4386249654","https://openalex.org/W4386260493","https://openalex.org/W4386260616","https://openalex.org/W4386361543","https://openalex.org/W4387639489","https://openalex.org/W4389160966","https://openalex.org/W4389168218","https://openalex.org/W4401418222","https://openalex.org/W4402508062","https://openalex.org/W4408892004","https://openalex.org/W4410314826","https://openalex.org/W7084097435"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313443006","https://openalex.org/W2945374968","https://openalex.org/W4293777179","https://openalex.org/W4385452045","https://openalex.org/W2164070813","https://openalex.org/W2135608140","https://openalex.org/W2895525995","https://openalex.org/W2332512904","https://openalex.org/W4224231624","https://openalex.org/W2319626700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Operating":[0],"a":[1,54,70,83,88,113],"quantum":[2,22,50,152],"network":[3,51,153],"incurs":[4],"high":[5,18],"capital":[6],"and":[7,35,60,87,116,128,158,179],"operational":[8],"expenditures,":[9],"which":[10],"are":[11],"expected":[12],"to":[13,45,48,68,112,126,176],"be":[14],"compensated":[15],"by":[16],"the":[17,31,37,79,108,122,167],"value":[19],"of":[20,73],"enabled":[21],"applications.":[23],"However,":[24],"existing":[25,177],"mechanisms":[26],"mainly":[27],"focus":[28],"on":[29,40],"maximizing":[30,136],"entanglement":[32,62,100],"distribution":[33],"rate":[34],"neglect":[36],"cost":[38,114,142,171],"incurred":[39],"users.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"aims":[44],"address":[46],"how":[47,67],"utilize":[49],"resources":[52],"in":[53,170],"cost-efficient":[55],"manner":[56],"while":[57,138],"sustaining":[58],"high-quantity":[59],"high-quality":[61],"distribution.":[63,101],"We":[64],"first":[65],"consider":[66,104],"establish":[69],"steady":[71],"stream":[72],"entanglements":[74,106],"between":[75],"remote":[76,99],"nodes":[77],"with":[78,107,155],"minimum":[80],"cost.":[81],"Utilizing":[82],"recent":[84],"flow-based":[85],"abstraction":[86],"novel":[89],"graph":[90],"representation,":[91],"we":[92,103,130],"design":[93],"an":[94,132,140],"optimal":[95],"algorithm":[96],"for":[97,135,149],"min-cost":[98],"Next,":[102],"distributing":[105],"highest":[109],"fidelity":[110,137,174],"subject":[111],"bound":[115],"prove":[117],"its":[118],"NP-hardness.":[119],"To":[120],"explore":[121],"cost-fidelity":[123],"trade-off":[124],"due":[125],"swapping":[127],"purification,":[129],"propose":[131],"approximation":[133],"scheme":[134],"satisfying":[139],"arbitrary":[141],"bound.":[143],"Our":[144],"algorithms":[145],"provide":[146],"rigorous":[147],"tools":[148],"supporting":[150],"high-performance":[151],"applications":[154],"financial":[156],"consideration":[157],"offer":[159],"strong":[160],"theoretical":[161],"guarantees.":[162],"Extensive":[163],"simulation":[164],"results":[165],"validate":[166],"advantageous":[168],"performance":[169],"efficiency":[172],"and/or":[173],"compared":[175],"solutions":[178],"heuristics.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}