{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409155949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3552097","title":"Adaptive 3D Placement of Multiple UAV-Mounted Base Stations in 6G Airborne Small Cells With Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Adaptive 3D Placement of Multiple UAV-Mounted Base Stations in 6G Airborne Small Cells With Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409155949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3552097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3552097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3552097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101431638","display_name":"Linh Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6643-9126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linh T. Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6643-9126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026603079","display_name":"Chuyen T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-1024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuyen T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-1024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039083333","display_name":"Hoang D. Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4565-8044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoang D. Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065550137","display_name":"Anh T. Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-1498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh T. Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-1498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.5218,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98500376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"1989","last_page":"2004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7057996988296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5429672002792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.5429602861404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.495342880487442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4255082607269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.403299480676651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3375532031059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.33651822805404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.33625125885009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2567439079284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22975993156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08246594667434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.0690423846244812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7057996988296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5429672002792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5429602861404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.495342880487442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4255082607269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.403299480676651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3375532031059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33651822805404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33625125885009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2567439079284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22975993156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08246594667434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0690423846244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3552097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3552097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989809547","https://openalex.org/W2022359415","https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2148135143","https://openalex.org/W2160039585","https://openalex.org/W2558431499","https://openalex.org/W2612291478","https://openalex.org/W2872059434","https://openalex.org/W2945057029","https://openalex.org/W2963569053","https://openalex.org/W2963697941","https://openalex.org/W2964023906","https://openalex.org/W3047990526","https://openalex.org/W3051352583","https://openalex.org/W3119069103","https://openalex.org/W3126686235","https://openalex.org/W3131765381","https://openalex.org/W3155172585","https://openalex.org/W3157023643","https://openalex.org/W3159986608","https://openalex.org/W3162630617","https://openalex.org/W4210918441","https://openalex.org/W4210952874","https://openalex.org/W4211167660","https://openalex.org/W4225884636","https://openalex.org/W4280547181","https://openalex.org/W4280581362","https://openalex.org/W4280584868","https://openalex.org/W4301852635","https://openalex.org/W4309127040","https://openalex.org/W4312481218","https://openalex.org/W4317135505","https://openalex.org/W4317665479","https://openalex.org/W4323338401","https://openalex.org/W4365790252","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6636933019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2145821588","https://openalex.org/W2086122291","https://openalex.org/W1987513656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Uncrewed":[0],"Aerial":[1],"Vehicle-mounted":[2],"Base":[3],"Stations":[4],"(UAV-BSs)":[5],"have":[6],"been":[7],"envisioned":[8],"as":[9],"a":[10,62,152,176,188],"promising":[11],"solution":[12],"to":[13,32,36,71,116,193,206],"enable":[14],"high-quality":[15],"services":[16],"in":[17,48,85],"next-generation":[18],"mobile":[19,73],"networks.":[20],"With":[21,108],"inherent":[22],"flexibility,":[23],"one":[24],"key":[25],"challenge":[26],"is":[27,173],"placing":[28],"the":[29,89,94,98,103,111,118,127,136,157,183,195,208,214,220],"UAV-BSs":[30,68,161],"adaptively":[31],"time-varying":[33,76],"network":[34,64,179],"conditions":[35],"maintain":[37],"stable":[38],"connections.":[39],"Conventional":[40],"methods":[41],"mainly":[42],"focus":[43],"on":[44,110],"optimizing":[45],"UAV-BS":[46],"deployment":[47],"static":[49,54],"networks":[50],"where":[51,65],"users":[52,74,82,148,192],"are":[53,69,83],"or":[55],"with":[56,75,93],"limited":[57],"mobility.":[58],"This":[59],"study":[60],"considers":[61],"dynamic":[63],"multiple":[66],"non-stationary":[67],"deployed":[70],"serve":[72],"heterogeneous":[77],"traffic.":[78],"Incomplete":[79],"downloads":[80],"of":[81,160,191],"backlogged":[84],"download":[86,99],"queues":[87],"at":[88],"UAV-BSs,":[90],"and":[91,139,155,187,212],"together":[92],"newly":[95],"requested":[96],"traffic,":[97],"queue":[100,112,209],"size":[101],"reflects":[102],"user\u2019s":[104,119],"instantaneous":[105],"traffic":[106,133,140,189],"demand.":[107,134],"constraints":[109],"stability,":[113],"we":[114,145],"aim":[115],"maximize":[117],"long-term":[120],"mean":[121],"opinion":[122],"score":[123],"(MOS),":[124],"reflecting":[125],"how":[126],"perceived":[128],"data":[129],"rate":[130],"satisfies":[131],"their":[132],"Since":[135],"users\u2019":[137],"location":[138,159,186],"demand":[141],"vary":[142],"over":[143,225],"time,":[144],"dynamically":[146],"group":[147],"into":[149],"clusters":[150],"using":[151,162,175],"K-means-based":[153],"algorithm":[154],"adjust":[156],"3D":[158],"an":[163],"actor-critic":[164],"deep":[165,177],"reinforcement":[166],"learning":[167],"(DRL)":[168],"framework.":[169],"The":[170,200],"actor":[171],"module":[172,202],"encoded":[174],"neural":[178],"(DNN)":[180],"that":[181],"obtains":[182],"UAV-BS\u2019s":[184],"current":[185],"heatmap":[190],"predict":[194],"optimal":[196],"movement":[197],"for":[198],"UAV-BSs.":[199],"critic":[201],"utilizes":[203],"Lyapunov":[204],"optimization":[205],"control":[207],"stability":[210],"constraint":[211],"evaluate":[213],"actor\u2019s":[215],"decisions.":[216],"Extensive":[217],"simulations":[218],"demonstrate":[219],"proposed":[221],"method\u2019s":[222],"superior":[223],"performance":[224],"conventional":[226],"rate-maximization":[227],"approaches.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
