{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408017500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3544319","title":"A Nonblocking Multistage Switching Network for Distributed Quantum Computing","display_name":"A Nonblocking Multistage Switching Network for Distributed Quantum Computing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408017500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3544319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3544319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3544319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059051382","display_name":"Yu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3267-6497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong","Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3267-6497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090711707","display_name":"Yingling Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-6903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingling Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-6903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340401","display_name":"Xu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-2301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007414004","display_name":"Xiaojun Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-1109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-1109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405476","display_name":"Fan Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0131-6424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0131-6424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638446","display_name":"Yuanyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7296-9222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7296-9222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95633397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"1500","last_page":"1513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9539999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9319000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.707351565361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6017432808876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4506615698337555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4359838366508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.4347143769264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.328323096036911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14727851748466492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.07510709762573242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.707351565361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6017432808876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4506615698337555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4359838366508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.4347143769264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.328323096036911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14727851748466492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.07510709762573242}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ton.2025.3544319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ton.2025.3544319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042750","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"2998-4157","issn":["2998-4157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/114227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/114227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6703115774","display_name":"EAGER: Efficient Entanglement in Quantum Computing Systems","funder_award_id":"2231040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7722152391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1191278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968570582","https://openalex.org/W1978552568","https://openalex.org/W2024543013","https://openalex.org/W2025597874","https://openalex.org/W2065449430","https://openalex.org/W2102008187","https://openalex.org/W2164309468","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2269275502","https://openalex.org/W2336871513","https://openalex.org/W2587454507","https://openalex.org/W2594380892","https://openalex.org/W2760965790","https://openalex.org/W2776229398","https://openalex.org/W2896792097","https://openalex.org/W2903058119","https://openalex.org/W2906133437","https://openalex.org/W2922103108","https://openalex.org/W2949253647","https://openalex.org/W2963893013","https://openalex.org/W2990560604","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3046704400","https://openalex.org/W3116357689","https://openalex.org/W3119133410","https://openalex.org/W3176603110","https://openalex.org/W3204244657","https://openalex.org/W4226073248","https://openalex.org/W4247374874","https://openalex.org/W4280646555","https://openalex.org/W4283214197","https://openalex.org/W4323048810","https://openalex.org/W4323644127","https://openalex.org/W4367182663","https://openalex.org/W4385861847","https://openalex.org/W4386260493","https://openalex.org/W4386802086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111375262","https://openalex.org/W2317728013","https://openalex.org/W4252076617","https://openalex.org/W1991205173","https://openalex.org/W2109048960","https://openalex.org/W2741481635","https://openalex.org/W2338537463","https://openalex.org/W2183644707","https://openalex.org/W2038165453","https://openalex.org/W1885824365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0,35,47],"computing,":[1],"utilizing":[2],"the":[3,10,24,68,80,135,142,163,170,182],"unique":[4],"properties":[5],"of":[6,26,70,137,166],"quantum":[7,18,54],"mechanics,":[8],"has":[9,38,112],"potential":[11],"to":[12,52,64,89],"revolutionize":[13],"various":[14],"fields.":[15],"However,":[16],"current":[17],"processors":[19],"face":[20],"challenges":[21],"in":[22,75,93,169],"scaling":[23],"number":[25,136],"qubits,":[27],"limiting":[28],"their":[29],"practical":[30],"applications.":[31],"In":[32,56],"response,":[33],"Distributed":[34],"Computing":[36],"(DQC)":[37],"emerged":[39],"as":[40],"a":[41,103,154],"promising":[42],"paradigm":[43],"where":[44,132],"multiple":[45],"interconnected":[46],"Processing":[48],"Units":[49],"(QPUs)":[50],"collaborate":[51],"execute":[53],"circuits.":[55],"this":[57,99],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,101,161],"focus":[60],"on":[61],"designing":[62],"networks":[63],"interconnect":[65],"QPUs":[66],"for":[67,109],"implementation":[69],"DQC.":[71],"We":[72,139],"find":[73],"that":[74,141,177],"real-world":[76],"experiments":[77],"and":[78,83,116,147,188],"systems,":[79],"photon":[81],"collection":[82],"coupling":[84],"efficiency":[85],"is":[86,145],"low,":[87],"leading":[88],"significant":[90],"performance":[91],"degradation":[92],"direct":[94,190],"connection":[95,191],"networks.":[96,192],"To":[97],"address":[98],"limitation,":[100],"propose":[102],"novel":[104],"multistage":[105],"switching":[106,123,172],"network":[107,124,144,179,187],"tailored":[108],"DQC,":[110],"which":[111],"low":[113],"system":[114],"complexity":[115,156],"high":[117],"entanglement":[118,167],"generation":[119,168],"rates.":[120],"The":[121],"proposed":[122,143,171],"comprises$\\log":[125],"_{2}(N)$stages":[126],"and$N/2$binary":[127],"switches":[128],"at":[129],"each":[130],"stage,":[131],"N":[133],"represents":[134],"QPUs.":[138],"prove":[140],"nonblocking":[146],"develop":[148],"an":[149],"efficient":[150,184],"routing":[151],"algorithm":[152],"with":[153],"time":[155],"of$\\mathcal":[157],"{O}(N\\log":[158],"(N))$.":[159],"Additionally,":[160],"show":[162],"success":[164],"probability":[165],"network.":[173],"Extensive":[174],"simulations":[175],"demonstrate":[176],"our":[178],"significantly":[180],"outperforms":[181],"highly":[183],"circuit-switching":[185],"Bene\u0161":[186],"three":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}