{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147519829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2026.3679725","title":"ForceKeyboard: Eyes-Free Text Entry With a Force Sensitive Soft Keyboard for Wearable Devices","display_name":"ForceKeyboard: Eyes-Free Text Entry With a Force Sensitive Soft Keyboard for Wearable Devices","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147519829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2026.3679725","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41915504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2026.3679725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2026.3679725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018389192","display_name":"Luis Cavazos Quero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-1644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Cavazos Quero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-1644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101931488","display_name":"Jiyeon Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6001-1540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138925566","display_name":"Ewha Womans University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fp5c05","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiyeon Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1580-8940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058167732","display_name":"Uran Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7832-6313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138925566","display_name":"Ewha Womans University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fp5c05","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uran Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7832-6313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32858659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"390","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.03759999945759773,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-entry","display_name":"Text entry","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.786300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-multitasking","display_name":"Human multitasking","score":0.6866000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-entry","display_name":"Data entry","score":0.4909000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.3901999890804291}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988504831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192366","display_name":"Text entry","level":2,"score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.786300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107418235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520565","display_name":"Human multitasking","level":2,"score":0.6866000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6644999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.612500011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987006973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17319650","display_name":"Data entry","level":2,"score":0.4909000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29794715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362345","display_name":"Smartwatch","level":3,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121449826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864114","display_name":"Input device","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779730394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529029","display_name":"Input method","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781418482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380826","display_name":"Entry Level","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018949938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17166101","display_name":"Text messaging","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000089922","descriptor_name":"Haptic Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000089922","descriptor_name":"Haptic Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000089922","descriptor_name":"Haptic Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2026.3679725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2026.3679725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41915504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41915504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on haptics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4248431705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2026-RS-2020-II201460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"wearable":[1,108],"devices":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4],"smartwatches,":[5],"bands,":[6],"and":[7,12,44,51,82,87,100,120,136],"jewelry":[8],"become":[9],"more":[10],"advanced":[11],"widespread,":[13],"it":[14],"is":[15],"essential":[16],"to":[17,47,96],"address":[18],"the":[19,98,129],"challenges":[20,102],"of":[21,79,103,117],"text":[22,93,104],"entry":[23,94,105,115],"on":[24,106],"their":[25],"small":[26,107],"interaction":[27],"surfaces.":[28],"This":[29],"work":[30],"introduces":[31],"ForceKeyboard,":[32],"a":[33,54,63],"QWERTY":[34],"soft":[35],"keyboard":[36,65,131],"for":[37],"ultra-small":[38],"devices,":[39],"which":[40],"utilizes":[41],"touch":[42],"location":[43,70],"force":[45],"data":[46],"improve":[48],"typing":[49],"accuracy":[50],"speed.":[52],"In":[53],"study":[55],"involving":[56],"26":[57],"participants,":[58],"we":[59],"compared":[60],"ForceKeyboard":[61,113],"with":[62,132],"Baseline":[64],"that":[66],"uses":[67],"only":[68],"tapping":[69],"data.":[71],"The":[72],"evaluation":[73],"assessed":[74],"performance":[75],"across":[76],"key":[77],"sizes":[78],"2.50,":[80],"1.75,":[81],"1.00":[83],"mm":[84],"in":[85],"sitting":[86],"walking":[88],"conditions.":[89],"Participants":[90,110],"performed":[91],"eyes-free":[92],"tasks":[95],"reflect":[97],"occlusion":[99],"multitasking":[101],"devices.":[109],"who":[111,127],"used":[112,128],"achieved":[114],"rates":[116],"3.92,":[118],"3.57,":[119],"2.77":[121],"words":[122],"per":[123],"minute,":[124],"outperforming":[125],"participants":[126],"baseline":[130],"21%-168%":[133],"higher":[134],"speed":[135],"16%-68%":[137],"greater":[138],"accuracy.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
