{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400977374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2024.3433582","title":"3D-Printed Models for Optimizing Tactile Braille & Shape Display","display_name":"3D-Printed Models for Optimizing Tactile Braille & Shape Display","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400977374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2024.3433582","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39052453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2024.3433582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2024.3433582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040931829","display_name":"Maryam Etezad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9516-9949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185071736","display_name":"Chapman University","ror":"https://ror.org/0452jzg20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Etezad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA","Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9516-9949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105049258","display_name":"Rajeev Joshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185071736","display_name":"Chapman University","ror":"https://ror.org/0452jzg20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajeev Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA","Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5043-3467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robert Alexander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1875-6336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185071736","display_name":"Chapman University","ror":"https://ror.org/0452jzg20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA","Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1875-6336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082913916","display_name":"Franceli L. Cibrian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7084-6904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185071736","display_name":"Chapman University","ror":"https://ror.org/0452jzg20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franceli L. Cibrian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA","Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7084-6904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185071736"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0259,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86200938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"782","last_page":"793"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9409999847412109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/braille","display_name":"Braille","score":0.9199626445770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tactile-display","display_name":"Tactile display","score":0.6770992279052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5980347990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5494527220726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printed","display_name":"3d printed","score":0.5457605123519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5246706008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47031155228614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3672618567943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.3422786593437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29348278045654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.17854246497154236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778802812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894","display_name":"Braille","level":2,"score":0.9199626445770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984899217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Tactile display","level":2,"score":0.6770992279052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5980347990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5494527220726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019308078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3d printed","level":2,"score":0.5457605123519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5246706008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47031155228614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3672618567943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.3422786593437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29348278045654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17854246497154236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":"Q000534","qualifier_name":"rehabilitation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":"Q000534","qualifier_name":"rehabilitation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":"Q000534","qualifier_name":"rehabilitation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019987","descriptor_name":"Persons with Visual Disabilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055698","descriptor_name":"Touch Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055698","descriptor_name":"Touch Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055698","descriptor_name":"Touch Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066330","descriptor_name":"Printing, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066330","descriptor_name":"Printing, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066330","descriptor_name":"Printing, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2024.3433582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2024.3433582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39052453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39052453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on haptics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6495944349","display_name":"ERI: Representation of Braille Characters and Graphical Patterns using Dynamic Tactile Displays","funder_award_id":"2138868","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3968202","https://openalex.org/W294193865","https://openalex.org/W1539034057","https://openalex.org/W1544477833","https://openalex.org/W2015271197","https://openalex.org/W2044348821","https://openalex.org/W2049210024","https://openalex.org/W2080313112","https://openalex.org/W2122348545","https://openalex.org/W2125846845","https://openalex.org/W2180807387","https://openalex.org/W2186238142","https://openalex.org/W2534064052","https://openalex.org/W2624166755","https://openalex.org/W2772893332","https://openalex.org/W2897904832","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W3003866703","https://openalex.org/W3024062944","https://openalex.org/W3044816418","https://openalex.org/W3145093820","https://openalex.org/W3165005340","https://openalex.org/W3203855405","https://openalex.org/W4205778328","https://openalex.org/W4210502693","https://openalex.org/W4232488826","https://openalex.org/W4283076601","https://openalex.org/W4319459212","https://openalex.org/W4383681474","https://openalex.org/W6631715247","https://openalex.org/W6840667567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283076601","https://openalex.org/W2127566457","https://openalex.org/W944826989","https://openalex.org/W2056248531","https://openalex.org/W2083137930","https://openalex.org/W2159608713","https://openalex.org/W103110721","https://openalex.org/W3094157352","https://openalex.org/W2022123690","https://openalex.org/W2067596245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"market-available":[1],"refreshable":[2,189],"Braille":[3,71,87,96,135,167,182],"displays":[4],"(RBDs)":[5],"offer":[6],"limited":[7],"functionality":[8],"at":[9,79],"a":[10,32,60,66,80,147,152,192],"high":[11],"cost,":[12],"hindering":[13],"accessibility":[14],"for":[15,22,39,139,166],"individuals":[16,125],"with":[17,123,126],"blindness":[18,127],"and":[19,24,35,45,56,82,99,104,114,128,131,163,184,195],"visual":[20,129],"impairment":[21,130],"teaching":[23,44],"learning":[25,46],"purposes.":[26],"This":[27],"motivates":[28],"us":[29],"to":[30,42,76,155,160,179],"develop":[31],"multi-functional,":[33],"compact,":[34,194],"affordable":[36],"RBD":[37],"tailored":[38],"educational":[40],"institutes":[41],"enhance":[43],"experiences.":[47],"We":[48,116],"propose":[49],"the":[50,86,91,157,175,187],"development":[51],"of":[52,70,120,177],"BLISS":[53,64,110,144,178],"(Braille":[54],"Letters":[55],"Interactive":[57],"Shape":[58],"Screen),":[59],"novel":[61,148],"RBD,":[62],"that":[63,73,133,150],"presents":[65],"unique":[67],"configuration":[68,154],"arrangement":[69],"cells":[72],"accommodates":[74],"up":[75],"six":[77],"letters":[78,113,183],"time":[81],"shapes":[83,162,185],"by":[84],"reusing":[85],"pins.":[88],"To":[89],"determine":[90],"optimal":[92],"specifications,":[93],"including":[94],"size,":[95],"cell":[97],"spacing,":[98],"pin":[100,153],"configuration,":[101],"we":[102],"fabricated":[103],"evaluated":[105],"3D-printed":[106,121],"sets,":[107],"mimicking":[108],"how":[109],"would":[111],"display":[112,180],"shapes.":[115,142],"tested":[117],"36":[118],"variants":[119],"sets":[122],"8":[124],"found":[132],"conventional":[134],"spacing":[136],"is":[137],"insufficient":[138],"accurately":[140],"representing":[141],"Hence,":[143],"will":[145],"introduce":[146],"design":[149],"uses":[151],"raise":[156],"extra":[158],"pins":[159],"present":[161],"lower":[164],"them":[165],"letters,":[168],"providing":[169],"dual-mode":[170],"operation.":[171],"Our":[172],"findings":[173],"show":[174],"potential":[176],"both":[181],"on":[186],"same":[188],"display,":[190],"offering":[191],"novel,":[193],"cost-effective":[196],"solution.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2024-07-26T00:00:00"}