{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212380976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3126609","title":"Perceived Depth and Roughness of Virtual Buttons With Touchscreens","display_name":"Perceived Depth and Roughness of Virtual Buttons With Touchscreens","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212380976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3126609","mag":"3212380976","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34752404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3126609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3126609","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4543165/9807611/09609679.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4543165/9807611/09609679.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026114330","display_name":"Qianhui Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2278-4806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianhui Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, AE, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2278-4806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, AE, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059748830","display_name":"Min Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7649-3900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, AE, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, AE, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057291297","display_name":"Jun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2714-6264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, AE, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2714-6264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, AE, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001515134","display_name":"Loe Feijs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3865-0215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Loe Feijs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, AE, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, AE, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026114330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2375,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51200774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"315","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12032","display_name":"Multisensory perception and integration","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/touchscreen","display_name":"Touchscreen","score":0.6483182907104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish","display_name":"Surface finish","score":0.6277285814285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5895017385482788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5542560815811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.4877546429634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.47476816177368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4039371907711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3009391725063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2717702388763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.25328630208969116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778539339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165970","display_name":"Touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.6483182907104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.6277285814285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5895017385482788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5542560815811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.4877546429634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.47476816177368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4039371907711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3009391725063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2717702388763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.25328630208969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3126609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3126609","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4543165/9807611/09609679.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34752404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34752404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on haptics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire/f548505a-8c11-44d9-9ab1-baa871686adf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/f548505a-8c11-44d9-9ab1-baa871686adf","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/207015021/Perceived_Depth_and_Roughness_of_Virtual_Buttons_With_Touchscreens.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wei, Q, Li, M, Hu, J & Feijs, L M G 2022, 'Perceived Depth and Roughness of Virtual Buttons with Touchscreens', IEEE Transactions on Haptics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1109/TOH.2021.3126609","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/f548505a-8c11-44d9-9ab1-baa871686adf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85133102784&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wei, Q, Li, M, Hu, J & Feijs, L M G 2022, 'Perceived Depth and Roughness of Virtual Buttons with Touchscreens', IEEE Transactions on Haptics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1109/TOH.2021.3126609","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:tue:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/f548505a-8c11-44d9-9ab1-baa871686adf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/nl/publications/f548505a-8c11-44d9-9ab1-baa871686adf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics, 15(2), 315 - 327. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3126609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3126609","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4543165/9807611/09609679.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212380976.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212380976.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1162647362","https://openalex.org/W1858475798","https://openalex.org/W1969090956","https://openalex.org/W2022924561","https://openalex.org/W2042346957","https://openalex.org/W2043843997","https://openalex.org/W2055782844","https://openalex.org/W2076331458","https://openalex.org/W2079778212","https://openalex.org/W2088162237","https://openalex.org/W2088508619","https://openalex.org/W2103758543","https://openalex.org/W2111576666","https://openalex.org/W2127486392","https://openalex.org/W2138200243","https://openalex.org/W2138561825","https://openalex.org/W2168206924","https://openalex.org/W2169055399","https://openalex.org/W2747409022","https://openalex.org/W2799424998","https://openalex.org/W2807027175","https://openalex.org/W2942266009","https://openalex.org/W2978612014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386922414","https://openalex.org/W4313638943","https://openalex.org/W1966522691","https://openalex.org/W4304014137","https://openalex.org/W3034740403","https://openalex.org/W2032025132","https://openalex.org/W4297916609","https://openalex.org/W2349732462","https://openalex.org/W3133982275","https://openalex.org/W2900649910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,49,62,65,69,103,114,122,131,137,152],"rapidly":[2],"increasing":[3],"penetration":[4],"of":[5,37,54,64,106,143],"touchscreens":[6,21],"in":[7],"various":[8,42],"application":[9],"sectors,":[10],"more":[11],"sophisticated":[12],"and":[13,52,68,74,97,113,127,146,155,159],"configurable":[14],"haptic":[15],"effects":[16],"can":[17,109,117],"be":[18,110,118],"rendered":[19,55],"on":[20,45],"(e.g.,":[22],"buttons).":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27],"presented":[28],"a":[29,34,162,169],"design":[30,63],"process":[31],"to":[32,78],"instantiate":[33],"wide":[35],"range":[36],"vibrotactile":[38,80,144],"stimuli":[39,81,145],"for":[40,82],"rendering":[41],"virtual":[43,56,83,107],"buttons":[44,84,108],"touchscreens.":[46],"We":[47,72],"study":[48],"perceived":[50,104,115,153],"depth":[51,105,126,154,158],"roughness":[53,116,128,160],"buttons.":[57],"There":[58],"are":[59],"two":[60],"stages:":[61],"drive":[66,76],"signals":[67,77],"main":[70],"study.":[71],"generated":[73],"screened":[75],"render":[79],"through":[85],"varying":[86,166],"envelope":[87],"shapes,":[88],"superposition":[89],"methods,":[90],"compound":[91],"waveform":[92],"composition":[93],"(CWC)":[94],"types,":[95],"durations,":[96],"frequencies.":[98],"The":[99],"results":[100],"show":[101],"that":[102],"very":[111,119],"deep,":[112],"rough":[120],"around":[121],"resonant":[123,138],"frequency.":[124,139],"Perceived":[125,157],"decrease":[129],"when":[130],"frequency":[132],"increases":[133],"or":[134],"decreases":[135],"from":[136],"A":[140],"longer":[141],"duration":[142],"adding":[147],"pulse":[148],"numbers":[149],"could":[150],"increase":[151],"roughness.":[156],"have":[161],"similar":[163],"trend":[164],"with":[165],"frequencies":[167],"at":[168],"fixed":[170],"duration.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}