{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165005340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3085915","title":"A Survey on Tactile Displays For Visually Impaired People","display_name":"A Survey on Tactile Displays For Visually Impaired People","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165005340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3085915","mag":"3165005340","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34077370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3085915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3085915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenzhen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-1497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-1497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jinpen Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328775524","display_name":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03893we55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinpen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ruirui Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328775524","display_name":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03893we55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruirui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wen Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328775524","display_name":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03893we55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haitao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jianliang Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianliang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2164,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92407968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"712","last_page":"721"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9470000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9470000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/braille","display_name":"Braille","score":0.9408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visually-impaired","display_name":"Visually impaired","score":0.7847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tactile-display","display_name":"Tactile display","score":0.6650999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.6577000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tactile-stimuli","display_name":"Tactile stimuli","score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tactile-perception","display_name":"Tactile perception","score":0.39579999446868896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778802812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894","display_name":"Braille","level":2,"score":0.9408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020106864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visually impaired","level":2,"score":0.7847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984899217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Tactile display","level":2,"score":0.6650999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.6577000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6331999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987654038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859031","display_name":"Tactile stimuli","level":3,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017819093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328835","display_name":"Tactile perception","level":3,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46722567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7674139","display_name":"Tactile sensor","level":3,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164597639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327065","display_name":"Display device","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017715821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688498","display_name":"Assistive technology","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018950346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12131","display_name":"Disabled people","level":3,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019987","descriptor_name":"Visually Impaired Persons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019987","descriptor_name":"Persons with Visual Disabilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019987","descriptor_name":"Persons with Visual Disabilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2021.3085915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2021.3085915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34077370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34077370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on haptics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7189934397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1004901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539034057","https://openalex.org/W1582593571","https://openalex.org/W1604031655","https://openalex.org/W1848404502","https://openalex.org/W1927388877","https://openalex.org/W1964635155","https://openalex.org/W1970485991","https://openalex.org/W1976376684","https://openalex.org/W1979884606","https://openalex.org/W1993384310","https://openalex.org/W1996124260","https://openalex.org/W2004028260","https://openalex.org/W2004367543","https://openalex.org/W2011451957","https://openalex.org/W2022858243","https://openalex.org/W2026089596","https://openalex.org/W2044348821","https://openalex.org/W2052736597","https://openalex.org/W2056515056","https://openalex.org/W2091040873","https://openalex.org/W2092850382","https://openalex.org/W2094727489","https://openalex.org/W2094968732","https://openalex.org/W2125846845","https://openalex.org/W2133313817","https://openalex.org/W2133630999","https://openalex.org/W2137492504","https://openalex.org/W2137711693","https://openalex.org/W2140025273","https://openalex.org/W2153699451","https://openalex.org/W2158408864","https://openalex.org/W2159608713","https://openalex.org/W2160354776","https://openalex.org/W2166843857","https://openalex.org/W2188247750","https://openalex.org/W2285686624","https://openalex.org/W2317105616","https://openalex.org/W2409102872","https://openalex.org/W2483030729","https://openalex.org/W2487247441","https://openalex.org/W2569354246","https://openalex.org/W2611911121","https://openalex.org/W2620491530","https://openalex.org/W2624166755","https://openalex.org/W2740328752","https://openalex.org/W2766956674","https://openalex.org/W2767018231","https://openalex.org/W2772893332","https://openalex.org/W2799919807","https://openalex.org/W2803012837","https://openalex.org/W2883231518","https://openalex.org/W2887496075","https://openalex.org/W2892130423","https://openalex.org/W2902324192","https://openalex.org/W2922068385","https://openalex.org/W2923536492","https://openalex.org/W2925168502","https://openalex.org/W2996650081","https://openalex.org/W2998869426","https://openalex.org/W3003866703","https://openalex.org/W3035274684","https://openalex.org/W3041731142","https://openalex.org/W3136913198","https://openalex.org/W4254673984","https://openalex.org/W6603864865","https://openalex.org/W6608736451","https://openalex.org/W6662888838","https://openalex.org/W6686276040","https://openalex.org/W6754007388","https://openalex.org/W6767386846","https://openalex.org/W6782060334","https://openalex.org/W6784500670"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"paper":[1,132],"documents":[2],"with":[3],"Braille":[4,57,80],"characters":[5],"and":[6,56,78,91,105,122],"tangible":[7,54],"graphics":[8,55],"have":[9],"obvious":[10],"defects":[11],"to":[12,59,136],"disseminate":[13],"knowledge":[14],"in":[15,130],"the":[16,43,61,71,97,107,125],"information":[17,64],"age.":[18],"Information":[19],"accessibility":[20],"is":[21],"an":[22],"urgent":[23],"challenge":[24],"for":[25,36,46,124,141],"blind":[26,62],"individuals.":[27],"Although":[28],"many":[29],"types":[30],"of":[31,73,99,102,110,120],"tactile":[32,44,75,103,139],"displays":[33,76,81,104,140],"were":[34],"created":[35],"different":[37],"applications,":[38],"we":[39,69],"especially":[40],"focus":[41],"on":[42],"display":[45],"visually":[47,142],"impaired":[48,143],"people,":[49],"which":[50],"can":[51],"dynamically":[52],"generate":[53],"characters,":[58],"help":[60],"obtain":[63],"conveniently.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67,131],"article,":[68],"present":[70],"state-of-the-art":[72],"graphic":[74],"(GTDs)":[77],"refreshable":[79],"(RBDs),":[82],"then":[83],"discuss":[84],"their":[85],"common":[86],"kernel":[87],"technologies":[88],"about":[89],"actuators":[90,101],"latch":[92,112,118],"structures.":[93,113],"This":[94,114],"article":[95,115],"summarizes":[96,117],"performance":[98],"typical":[100],"analyzes":[106],"working":[108],"principles":[109],"some":[111],"systematically":[116],"structures":[119],"GTDs":[121],"RBDs,":[123],"first":[126],"time.":[127],"Several":[128],"comments":[129],"will":[133],"be":[134],"useful":[135],"develop":[137],"high-performance":[138],"people.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2021-06-07T00:00:00"}