{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2762781892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2017.2762666","title":"Evaluating Approaches to Rendering Braille Text on a High-Density Pin Display","display_name":"Evaluating Approaches to Rendering Braille Text on a High-Density Pin Display","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2762781892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2017.2762666","mag":"2762781892","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29035226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2017.2762666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2017.2762666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016872951","display_name":"Valerie S. Morash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6501-2748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61628605","display_name":"Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05783y657","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61628605"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerie S. Morash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6501-2748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61628605"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038984367","display_name":"Alexander Russomanno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5832-4564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Russomanno","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5832-4564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020611092","display_name":"R. Brent Gillespie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Brent Gillespie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-0026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071551963","display_name":"Sile O\u2019Modhrain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-5469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sile O'Modhrain","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-5469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64397906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"476","last_page":"481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/braille","display_name":"Braille","score":0.9901740550994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.6482793688774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.643429696559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5996153950691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.518152117729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tactile-display","display_name":"Tactile display","score":0.516625702381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visually-impaired","display_name":"Visually impaired","score":0.497936487197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.28307655453681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.07687988877296448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778802812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894","display_name":"Braille","level":2,"score":0.9901740550994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6482793688774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.643429696559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5996153950691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.518152117729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984899217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Tactile display","level":2,"score":0.516625702381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020106864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visually impaired","level":2,"score":0.497936487197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.28307655453681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.07687988877296448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010812","descriptor_name":"Physical Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010812","descriptor_name":"Physical Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010812","descriptor_name":"Physical Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012682","descriptor_name":"Sensory Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019987","descriptor_name":"Persons with Visual Disabilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019987","descriptor_name":"Persons with Visual Disabilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019987","descriptor_name":"Visually Impaired Persons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055698","descriptor_name":"Touch Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055698","descriptor_name":"Touch Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055698","descriptor_name":"Touch Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/toh.2017.2762666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/toh.2017.2762666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38993383","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","issn_l":"1939-1412","issn":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29035226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29035226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on haptics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5892227032","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"90RE5024-01-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337604","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6966915281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"90RE5008-01-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337604","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7457516717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ISS:HCC:1319922","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337604","display_name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/033jnv181"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72272464","https://openalex.org/W1539034057","https://openalex.org/W1596543811","https://openalex.org/W1855604554","https://openalex.org/W1970147829","https://openalex.org/W1976376684","https://openalex.org/W1977181001","https://openalex.org/W2002301307","https://openalex.org/W2018714555","https://openalex.org/W2021932462","https://openalex.org/W2034897858","https://openalex.org/W2044348821","https://openalex.org/W2053754605","https://openalex.org/W2125846845","https://openalex.org/W2153647099","https://openalex.org/W2166005033","https://openalex.org/W2169885034","https://openalex.org/W2170942799","https://openalex.org/W2333113699","https://openalex.org/W2742120243","https://openalex.org/W4321071315","https://openalex.org/W6635815754","https://openalex.org/W6638849185","https://openalex.org/W6644416312","https://openalex.org/W6741770913","https://openalex.org/W6850143306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064952551","https://openalex.org/W3094678123","https://openalex.org/W2576175645","https://openalex.org/W2063990345","https://openalex.org/W2787678320","https://openalex.org/W2040431336","https://openalex.org/W2944520665","https://openalex.org/W3162381456","https://openalex.org/W2388059992","https://openalex.org/W3179916384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Refreshable":[0],"displays":[1,32],"for":[2,162],"tactile":[3,169],"graphics":[4],"are":[5],"typically":[6],"composed":[7],"of":[8,23,71],"pins":[9,25,65,72,113],"that":[10,83,142],"have":[11],"smaller":[12],"diameters":[13],"and":[14,80,90,117,126,149],"spacing":[15,148],"than":[16,136],"standard":[17],"braille":[18,28,43,52,89,164],"dots.":[19],"We":[20,139],"investigated":[21],"configurations":[22,93,129],"high-density":[24,50,63,91,109],"to":[26,49,81,134,160],"form":[27],"text":[29],"on":[30,165],"such":[31],"using":[33],"non-refreshable":[34],"stimuli":[35],"produced":[36],"with":[37,94],"a":[38,69,75,95,166],"3D":[39],"printer.":[40],"Normal":[41],"dot":[42,51,59,147,150,155],"(diameter":[44,53],"1.5":[45],"mm)":[46,55],"was":[47,60],"compared":[48],"0.75":[54],"wherein":[56],"each":[57],"normal":[58,88,121,137],"rendered":[61],"by":[62],"simulated":[64,110],"alone":[66],"or":[67,78],"in":[68,74,105],"cluster":[70],"configured":[73],"diamond,":[76,124],"X,":[77,125],"square;":[79],"\"blobs\"":[82],"could":[84],"result":[85],"from":[86],"covering":[87],"multi-pin":[92,128],"thin":[96],"membrane.":[97],"Twelve":[98],"blind":[99],"participants":[100],"read":[101,119,135],"MNREAD":[102],"sentences":[103],"displayed":[104],"these":[106],"conditions.":[107],"For":[108],"pins,":[111],"single":[112],"were":[114,130],"as":[115,120,143,145],"quickly":[116],"easily":[118],"braille,":[122],"but":[123],"square":[127],"slower":[131],"and/or":[132],"harder":[133],"braille.":[138],"therefore":[140],"conclude":[141],"long":[144],"center-to-center":[146],"placement":[151],"is":[152],"maintained,":[153],"the":[154],"diameter":[156],"may":[157],"be":[158],"open":[159],"variability":[161],"rendering":[163],"high":[167],"density":[168],"display.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
