{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135088952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3673268","title":"Timeslot-Adaptive and Traffic Load-Aware Routing Computation in Two-Layer LEO Satellite Networks","display_name":"Timeslot-Adaptive and Traffic Load-Aware Routing Computation in Two-Layer LEO Satellite Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135088952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3673268"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2026.3673268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3673268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059195250","display_name":"Yonghan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6897-4675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yonghan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6897-4675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128912639","display_name":"Jin Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-4613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128836845","display_name":"Yi Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6995-0772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113276390","display_name":"Weixuan Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixuan Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9033-9893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-5530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-5530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128871041","display_name":"Danshi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danshi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9815-4013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100671757","display_name":"M. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8659-5727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059195250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54610104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"3219","last_page":"3236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-table","display_name":"Routing table","score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-based-routing","display_name":"Policy-based routing","score":0.3447999954223633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8192999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7642999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983435990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22725","display_name":"Network routing","level":3,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113508815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193446","display_name":"Packet switching","level":3,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94600068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371621","display_name":"Routing domain","level":5,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87044965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091139","display_name":"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24856439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352483","display_name":"Adaptive routing","level":5,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174809319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5973191","display_name":"IP forwarding","level":5,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984173633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22725","display_name":"Routing algorithm","level":4,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2026.3673268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3673268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8268514637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8965543146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G951206180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24B20133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075691307","https://openalex.org/W2094704680","https://openalex.org/W2146779390","https://openalex.org/W2399586126","https://openalex.org/W2489946542","https://openalex.org/W2505603199","https://openalex.org/W2521915382","https://openalex.org/W2759136286","https://openalex.org/W2770930158","https://openalex.org/W2795436188","https://openalex.org/W2796047239","https://openalex.org/W2963512530","https://openalex.org/W2968925205","https://openalex.org/W2996213540","https://openalex.org/W3016586903","https://openalex.org/W3054748417","https://openalex.org/W3111604763","https://openalex.org/W3128807435","https://openalex.org/W3135644957","https://openalex.org/W3157774154","https://openalex.org/W3171109525","https://openalex.org/W3194355993","https://openalex.org/W3216956110","https://openalex.org/W4210377592","https://openalex.org/W4226193620","https://openalex.org/W4281801295","https://openalex.org/W4285192830","https://openalex.org/W4294982603","https://openalex.org/W4295700767","https://openalex.org/W4312393609","https://openalex.org/W4312705588","https://openalex.org/W4312810460","https://openalex.org/W4313190984","https://openalex.org/W4317418844","https://openalex.org/W4320029268","https://openalex.org/W4321636763","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4323022513","https://openalex.org/W4378697062","https://openalex.org/W4385062391","https://openalex.org/W4385062799","https://openalex.org/W4386360465","https://openalex.org/W4386453713","https://openalex.org/W4386536254","https://openalex.org/W4388757450","https://openalex.org/W4389609926","https://openalex.org/W4390119962","https://openalex.org/W4390357280","https://openalex.org/W4391791260","https://openalex.org/W4391827253","https://openalex.org/W4391892533","https://openalex.org/W4391945833","https://openalex.org/W4392240200","https://openalex.org/W4392664831","https://openalex.org/W4392939609","https://openalex.org/W4392979805","https://openalex.org/W4393317775","https://openalex.org/W4393372257","https://openalex.org/W4393972793","https://openalex.org/W4394595049","https://openalex.org/W4397026599","https://openalex.org/W4398199712","https://openalex.org/W4399665742","https://openalex.org/W4400409694","https://openalex.org/W4400682008","https://openalex.org/W4401508037","https://openalex.org/W4401718393","https://openalex.org/W4404431330","https://openalex.org/W4407937675","https://openalex.org/W4411949274","https://openalex.org/W4415629359"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1],"orbit":[2],"(LEO)":[3],"satellite":[4,40,84,89,230],"networks,":[5,12],"as":[6,137],"a":[7,72],"fundamental":[8],"component":[9],"of":[10,24,92,161,186,196],"6G":[11],"are":[13],"designed":[14],"to":[15,57,165,181,184,203],"provide":[16],"full":[17],"coverage,":[18],"low":[19],"latency,":[20],"and":[21,34,61,74,97,99,112,143,150,173,201,222],"high":[22],"quality":[23],"service":[25],"(QoS)":[26],"for":[27,81,117],"satellite-terrestrial":[28],"integrated":[29],"networks":[30,41,90],"(STIN).":[31],"Topology":[32],"representations":[33],"routing":[35,63,77,118,130,138,148,158,219],"computation":[36,78,220],"in":[37,64,132,227],"dynamic":[38],"LEO":[39,83,88,229],"have":[42],"become":[43],"key":[44,133],"research":[45],"focuses.":[46],"However,":[47],"balancing":[48],"network":[49],"dynamics":[50],"with":[51],"traffic":[52,75,110,192],"load":[53],"remains":[54,163],"challenging":[55],"due":[56],"inaccurate":[58],"topology":[59],"representation":[60],"inefficient":[62],"existing":[65,129],"studies.":[66],"To":[67],"address":[68],"this,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"timeslot-adaptive":[73],"load-aware":[76],"(TA-TLARC)":[79],"scheme":[80],"two-layer":[82,87,228],"networks.":[85,231],"The":[86,167,194,210],"consist":[91],"communication":[93],"layer":[94,101],"satellites":[95,102],"(CLS)":[96],"relay":[98],"sensing":[100],"(RSLS).":[103],"TA-TLARC":[104,124,162,197,216],"adaptively":[105],"adjusts":[106],"timeslots":[107],"based":[108],"on":[109],"variations":[111],"utilizes":[113],"distributed":[114],"adjacency":[115],"matrices":[116],"computation.":[119],"Simulation":[120],"results":[121,211],"show":[122],"that":[123,213],"achieves":[125],"better":[126],"performance":[127,226],"than":[128],"schemes":[131,189],"QoS":[134,168,225],"metrics":[135],"such":[136],"success":[139,159],"rate,":[140,176],"delay,":[141,171],"throughput,":[142,172],"packet":[144,174],"loss":[145,175],"rate.":[146],"Although":[147],"hops":[149],"power":[151],"consumption":[152],"increase":[153],"within":[154],"acceptable":[155,205],"limits,":[156],"the":[157,187,214],"rate":[160],"99.6%":[164],"100%.":[166],"performance,":[169],"including":[170],"is":[177,198],"improved":[178],"by":[179],"10%":[180],"40%":[182],"compared":[183],"those":[185],"comparative":[188],"under":[190,206],"different":[191],"scenarios.":[193],"robustness":[195],"further":[199],"analyzed":[200],"demonstrated":[202],"be":[204],"various":[207],"failure":[208],"conditions.":[209],"demonstrate":[212],"proposed":[215],"effectively":[217],"addresses":[218],"challenges":[221],"significantly":[223],"improves":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:47:17.329874","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
