{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133228207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3669847","title":"AI-Empowered Multivariate Probabilistic Forecasting: A Key Enabler for Sustainability in Open RAN","display_name":"AI-Empowered Multivariate Probabilistic Forecasting: A Key Enabler for Sustainability in Open RAN","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133228207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3669847"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2026.3669847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3669847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092985021","display_name":"Vaishnavi Kasuluru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9262-496X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaishnavi Kasuluru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9262-496X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127785713","display_name":"Luis Blanco","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Blanco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-8319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121127700","display_name":"Cristian J. Vaca-Rubio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian J. Vaca-Rubio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-2784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127778409","display_name":"Engin Zeydan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Engin Zeydan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3329-0588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121160665","display_name":"Albert Bel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Bel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2799-2188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnol&#x00F3;gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20688357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"3071","last_page":"3087"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.09520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.09520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.07750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11918","display_name":"Forecasting Techniques and Applications","score":0.04470000043511391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.8130999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-forecasting","display_name":"Probabilistic forecasting","score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.31029999256134033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.8130999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7580999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122282355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246855","display_name":"Probabilistic forecasting","level":3,"score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60782215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3333679","display_name":"Probabilistic method","level":3,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17618745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207509","display_name":"Copula (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24404364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246846","display_name":"Probabilistic analysis of algorithms","level":3,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2026.3669847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3669847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5066784024238586,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W188587608","https://openalex.org/W1970071487","https://openalex.org/W2512788786","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2910790589","https://openalex.org/W2972367452","https://openalex.org/W2980994438","https://openalex.org/W3040172617","https://openalex.org/W3043957834","https://openalex.org/W3046072278","https://openalex.org/W3123921001","https://openalex.org/W3140526156","https://openalex.org/W3171884590","https://openalex.org/W3183269782","https://openalex.org/W3217596786","https://openalex.org/W4225725726","https://openalex.org/W4226195457","https://openalex.org/W4287887122","https://openalex.org/W4290840282","https://openalex.org/W4297163704","https://openalex.org/W4312712983","https://openalex.org/W4317796310","https://openalex.org/W4328007725","https://openalex.org/W4387250998","https://openalex.org/W4387870096","https://openalex.org/W4389104783","https://openalex.org/W4390767225","https://openalex.org/W4391825320","https://openalex.org/W4399311133","https://openalex.org/W4400810991","https://openalex.org/W4405975271","https://openalex.org/W4409917259"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,39],"explores":[2],"the":[3,33,45,63,76,118,146,149,171],"role":[4],"of":[5,21,44,54,78,120,148,156,173],"multivariate":[6,82,97],"probabilistic":[7,81,151,158,174],"forecasting":[8,83,152,159,175],"in":[9,70,123,182],"improving":[10],"O-RAN":[11,34,46,60,183],"operations,":[12],"focusing":[13],"on":[14,145],"network":[15],"sustainability":[16,181],"aspects.":[17],"A":[18],"comprehensive":[19],"analysis":[20],"its":[22,30],"potential":[23,172],"benefits":[24,155],"and":[25,48,62,95,105,110,130,180],"challenges,":[26],"as":[27,29],"well":[28],"integration":[31],"into":[32],"architecture":[35,47],"are":[36,142,165],"described.":[37],"The":[38,114,154],"first":[40],"presents":[41],"an":[42,52],"overview":[43],"components,":[49],"followed":[50],"by":[51],"examination":[53],"power":[55],"consumption":[56],"models":[57,69],"relevant":[58],"to":[59,162,176],"deployments":[61],"challenges":[64],"associated":[65],"with":[66],"traditional":[67],"deterministic":[68],"resource":[71,132],"allocation.":[72,133],"We":[73],"then":[74],"examine":[75],"performance":[77],"several":[79],"state-of-the-art":[80],"techniques":[84,122,160],"namely,":[85,99],"Gaussian":[86],"Process":[87],"Vector":[88],"Autoregression":[89],"(GPVAR),":[90],"Temporal":[91],"Fusion":[92],"Transformer":[93],"(TFT)":[94],"non-probabilistic":[96],"technique":[98],"Multivariate":[100],"Long-Short":[101],"Term":[102],"Memory":[103],"(LSTM)":[104],"explain":[106],"their":[107,112],"implementation":[108],"details":[109],"provide":[111],"evaluations.":[113],"simulation":[115],"results":[116,169],"show":[117],"effectiveness":[119],"these":[121],"predicting":[124],"Physical":[125],"Resource":[126],"Block":[127],"(PRB)":[128],"utilization":[129],"optimizing":[131],"In":[134],"particular,":[135],"significant":[136],"energy":[137,178],"savings":[138],"\u2013":[139],"around":[140],"20-30%\u2013":[141],"achieved,":[143],"depending":[144],"percentile":[147],"used":[150],"techniques.":[153],"considering":[157],"compared":[161],"multi-variate":[163],"LSTM":[164],"also":[166],"analyzed.":[167],"Our":[168],"emphasize":[170],"improve":[177],"efficiency":[179],"operations.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}
