{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131719011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3668238","title":"Intelligent Xn-Based Energy-Aware Handover Optimization in 5G Networks via NWDAF-Orchestrated Agent Framework","display_name":"Intelligent Xn-Based Energy-Aware Handover Optimization in 5G Networks via NWDAF-Orchestrated Agent Framework","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131719011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3668238"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2026.3668238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3668238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126868674","display_name":"Mahnoor Sajid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahnoor Sajid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8334-7430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084329440","display_name":"Mohib Ullah Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohib Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5557-8884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126943235","display_name":"KyungHi Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KyungHi Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-5391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13460834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"2996","last_page":"3012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.0982000008225441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.0982000008225441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.08609999716281891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.08179999887943268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handover","display_name":"Handover","score":0.9476000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6233999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/it-service-continuity","display_name":"IT service continuity","score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5602999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobility-management","display_name":"Mobility management","score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-handover","display_name":"Soft handover","score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inefficiency","display_name":"Inefficiency","score":0.3944000005722046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111852164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414679","display_name":"Handover","level":2,"score":0.9476000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.805899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6233999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67069471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140205","display_name":"IT service continuity","level":2,"score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5602999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778555145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4476379","display_name":"Mobility management","level":2,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125450847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553982","display_name":"Soft handover","level":3,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778863105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922836","display_name":"Vertical handover","level":5,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.259799987077713}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2026.3668238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3668238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.858612060546875,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2488123191","https://openalex.org/W2907110470","https://openalex.org/W4288070338","https://openalex.org/W4313555347","https://openalex.org/W4323767311","https://openalex.org/W4366148619","https://openalex.org/W4378468976","https://openalex.org/W4383754004","https://openalex.org/W4391468450","https://openalex.org/W4391992639","https://openalex.org/W4392796972","https://openalex.org/W4400276397","https://openalex.org/W4401539326","https://openalex.org/W4402123116","https://openalex.org/W4403262459","https://openalex.org/W4405632624","https://openalex.org/W4406163031","https://openalex.org/W4407127357","https://openalex.org/W4408346269","https://openalex.org/W4409356827","https://openalex.org/W4410086909","https://openalex.org/W4410254043","https://openalex.org/W4412610804","https://openalex.org/W4413967336","https://openalex.org/W7125018012"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy-aware":[0],"mobility":[1,31,85,220],"management":[2,221],"in":[3,197,222,233],"dense":[4],"Fifth":[5],"Generation":[6,236],"(5G)":[7],"networks":[8,224],"is":[9],"increasingly":[10],"challenged":[11],"by":[12],"frequent":[13],"handovers":[14],"and":[15,29,42,100,127,138,152,166,190,215,225],"unnecessary":[16],"activation":[17],"of":[18,110,176,188],"sleeping":[19],"next-generation":[20],"NodeBs":[21],"(gNBs),":[22],"which":[23],"lead":[24],"to":[25,134,185,193,203],"excessive":[26],"energy":[27,59,108,136,142,153],"consumption":[28,201],"degraded":[30],"reliability.":[32],"Conventional":[33],"Xn-based":[34],"handover":[35,62,98,112,132,231],"schemes":[36],"rely":[37],"on":[38],"static":[39],"radio":[40],"thresholds":[41],"implicitly":[43],"assume":[44],"always-active":[45],"gNBs,":[46],"while":[47],"existing":[48],"NWDAF-enabled":[49],"approaches":[50],"improve":[51],"stability":[52],"but":[53],"do":[54],"not":[55],"explicitly":[56],"account":[57],"for":[58,83,218,229],"costs":[60],"during":[61],"execution.":[63],"To":[64],"address":[65],"these":[66],"limitations,":[67],"this":[68],"paper":[69],"proposes":[70],"theIntelligent":[71],"Energy-Aware":[72,172,181],"Handover":[73,92,173,182],"Framework(IEAHF),":[74],"a":[75,119,194,213,227],"NWDAF-orchestrated":[76],"architecture":[77],"that":[78,158,210],"integrates":[79],"coordinated":[80],"agent-based":[81],"control":[82,121,232],"energy-aware":[84,230],"management.":[86],"The":[87],"proposed":[88,160],"framework":[89],"introduces":[90],"anEnergy-Aware":[91],"Optimization":[93],"Agent":[94,104],"(EA-HOA)to":[95],"guide":[96],"reliability-driven":[97],"decisions":[99],"aHandover":[101],"Energy":[102],"Evaluation":[103],"(HEEA)to":[105],"assess":[106],"the":[107,159,180,186],"impact":[109],"candidate":[111],"actions,":[113],"with":[114],"both":[115],"agents":[116],"operating":[117],"within":[118],"closed-loop":[120],"process":[122],"enforced":[123],"through":[124],"Operations,":[125],"Administration,":[126],"Maintenance":[128],"(OAM).":[129],"By":[130],"reformulating":[131],"success":[133],"incorporate":[135],"inefficiency":[137],"enabling":[139],"per-handover":[140],"gNB":[141,199],"reasoning":[143],"at":[144],"decision":[145],"time,":[146],"IEAHF":[147,211],"jointly":[148],"optimizes":[149],"service":[150],"continuity":[151],"efficiency.":[154],"System-level":[155],"simulations":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"Agent-NWDAF":[161],"configuration":[162],"consistently":[163],"outperforms":[164],"baseline":[165],"analytics-only":[167],"schemes,":[168],"achieving":[169],"tightly":[170],"concentrated":[171],"Success":[174],"Rates":[175],"approximately":[177],"0.98,":[178],"reducing":[179],"Failure":[183],"Rate":[184],"range":[187],"0.007\u20130.015,":[189],"delivering":[191],"up":[192],"32%":[195],"reduction":[196],"average":[198],"power":[200],"relative":[202],"an":[204],"always-on":[205],"baseline.":[206],"These":[207],"results":[208],"indicate":[209],"provides":[212],"scalable":[214],"effective":[216],"solution":[217],"energy-efficient":[219],"5G":[223],"establishes":[226],"foundation":[228],"future":[234],"Sixth":[235],"(6G)":[237],"systems.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}