{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129635528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3665504","title":"Adversarial Sample Based on Structured Fusion Noise for Botnet Detection in Industrial Control Systems","display_name":"Adversarial Sample Based on Structured Fusion Noise for Botnet Detection in Industrial Control Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129635528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3665504"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2026.3665504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3665504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126182347","display_name":"Jiazhong Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31595395","display_name":"Chengdu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05pejbw21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31595395"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiazhong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8982-8255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400","https://openalex.org/I31595395","https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101340456","display_name":"Jimin Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimin Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity (Xin Gu Industrial College), Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity (Xin Gu Industrial College), Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126223565","display_name":"Jian Shu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity (Xin Gu Industrial College), Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity (Xin Gu Industrial College), Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084308175","display_name":"Jiali Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiali Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-9769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123959664","display_name":"Xiaolei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40246663","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3yke57","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40246663"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Interdisciplinary Research Center of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8510-4025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Interdisciplinary Research Center of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40246663"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13018531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"3118","last_page":"3131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8639000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8639000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.09790000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9236000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7102000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6922000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.6852999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.6335999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5803999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/command-and-control","display_name":"Command and control","score":0.45210000872612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9236000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7764000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7102000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6922000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.6852999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.6335999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5803999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506615639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21662260","display_name":"Command and control","level":2,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173414695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510276","display_name":"Fusion mechanism","level":4,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204679922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734252","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2026.3665504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2026.3665504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5402006265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7418303543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025ZNSFSC0507","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765085016","https://openalex.org/W2799758613","https://openalex.org/W2886672909","https://openalex.org/W2959169310","https://openalex.org/W2963391384","https://openalex.org/W3092149785","https://openalex.org/W3095619744","https://openalex.org/W3164037460","https://openalex.org/W3164999323","https://openalex.org/W3178297575","https://openalex.org/W3185895012","https://openalex.org/W3201440045","https://openalex.org/W4200063216","https://openalex.org/W4225927428","https://openalex.org/W4226089644","https://openalex.org/W4280653480","https://openalex.org/W4281263421","https://openalex.org/W4281569045","https://openalex.org/W4285249917","https://openalex.org/W4293916948","https://openalex.org/W4297799123","https://openalex.org/W4323545679","https://openalex.org/W4392005601","https://openalex.org/W4392719416","https://openalex.org/W4395023551","https://openalex.org/W4396853081","https://openalex.org/W4396982193","https://openalex.org/W4398250116","https://openalex.org/W4408081734"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"industrial":[1],"control":[2],"system\u2019s":[3],"artificial":[4],"intelligence-based":[5],"botnet":[6,45,87,105,117],"intrusion":[7,88,155],"detection":[8,13,68,118,146],"system":[9],"has":[10],"a":[11,38,85],"high":[12],"performance":[14,141],"and":[15,57,79,104,123],"efficiency":[16],"in":[17,75],"an":[18,91,110],"environment":[19],"without":[20],"interference.":[21],"However,":[22],"these":[23],"systems":[24],"are":[25],"not":[26],"immune":[27],"to":[28,99],"evasion":[29],"through":[30],"adversarial":[31,112],"samples.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34,71],"study,":[35],"we":[36,93,108],"introduce":[37],"feature":[39],"extraction":[40],"technique":[41,135],"tailored":[42],"for":[43,116,151],"ICS":[44,65,76,97,103,130,154],"detection.":[46],"This":[47],"approach":[48],"classifies":[49],"traffic":[50,55],"packets":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53],"network":[54],"attributes":[56],"ICS-specific":[58],"identification":[59],"codes,":[60],"encompassing":[61],"the":[62,139],"statuses":[63],"of":[64,142],"devices,":[66],"enhancing":[67],"precision.":[69],"Meanwhile,":[70],"strategy":[72],"addresses":[73],"challenges":[74],"data":[77],"collection":[78],"bolsters":[80],"experimental":[81],"efficacy.":[82],"To":[83],"build":[84],"comprehensive":[86],"dataset":[89],"within":[90],"ICS,":[92],"concurrently":[94],"utilized":[95],"existing":[96],"devices":[98],"collect":[100],"both":[101,121],"standard":[102],"traffic.":[106],"Additionally,":[107],"present":[109],"innovative":[111],"sample":[113],"generation":[114],"method":[115],"models,":[119,147],"integrating":[120],"time-domain":[122],"frequency-domain":[124],"noise.":[125],"Testing":[126],"under":[127],"three":[128],"real-world":[129],"attack":[131],"scenarios":[132],"revealed":[133],"our":[134],"can":[136],"markedly":[137],"degrade":[138],"classification":[140],"eight":[143],"leading":[144],"AI-based":[145,153],"emphasizing":[148],"its":[149],"potential":[150],"evading":[152],"detectors.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}
