{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417470462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645305","title":"GAN4RM: A CWGAN-Based Framework for Radio Maps Generation in Real Cellular Networks","display_name":"GAN4RM: A CWGAN-Based Framework for Radio Maps Generation in Real Cellular Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417470462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645305"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024298233","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-0638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Intelligent Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-0638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Intelligent Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108281637","display_name":"Wanting Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanting Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Intelligent Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Intelligent Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058806857","display_name":"Qin Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5438-5109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11406153","display_name":"Shanghai International Studies University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bn89z48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11406153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Language Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5438-5109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Language Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11406153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078240420","display_name":"Jiawangnan Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawangnan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Intelligent Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Intelligent Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427431","display_name":"Bin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-2291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-2291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3443949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"1329","last_page":"1341"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.322299987077713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.322299987077713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.30649998784065247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.12530000507831573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.6274999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5978000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-communication","display_name":"Cellular communication","score":0.36390000581741333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.6274999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5978000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30436405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210973","display_name":"Cellular communication","level":3,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507880516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257510","display_name":"Digital radio","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101541887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1555675","display_name":"Remote radio head","level":4,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3970668718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5912884616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023TS004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6890965337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1973344211","https://openalex.org/W2054405892","https://openalex.org/W2091484400","https://openalex.org/W2119957079","https://openalex.org/W2761319875","https://openalex.org/W2764013471","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2916331307","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2966901551","https://openalex.org/W2982262740","https://openalex.org/W3009147063","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3123488864","https://openalex.org/W3131967102","https://openalex.org/W3135827483","https://openalex.org/W3159416998","https://openalex.org/W3160044757","https://openalex.org/W3212618958","https://openalex.org/W4205979153","https://openalex.org/W4221160010","https://openalex.org/W4225845153","https://openalex.org/W4296079337","https://openalex.org/W4312355809","https://openalex.org/W4312569808","https://openalex.org/W4312633254","https://openalex.org/W4318256659","https://openalex.org/W4360595502","https://openalex.org/W4360996364","https://openalex.org/W4376890758","https://openalex.org/W4379016066","https://openalex.org/W4386090251","https://openalex.org/W4387430923","https://openalex.org/W4391828782","https://openalex.org/W4394627621","https://openalex.org/W4411948609"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,21,31,39,46,115,138,145,159,166,174,205,212,234,238,246,256],"evolution":[2],"of":[3,33,161,169,176,211,219],"mobile":[4],"networks":[5,186],"towards":[6],"Artificial":[7],"Intelligence":[8],"as":[9],"a":[10,57,63,124,250],"Service":[11],"(AIaaS),":[12],"generative":[13,185],"radio":[14,50,68,139,156,170,242],"maps":[15,51,69,140,243],"not":[16],"only":[17],"need":[18],"to":[19,38,152],"reflect":[20],"signal":[22],"strength":[23],"distribution":[24],"in":[25,42,52,70,119],"specific":[26],"areas,":[27],"but":[28],"also":[29],"possess":[30],"capability":[32],"proactive":[34],"prediction.":[35],"However,":[36],"due":[37],"rapid":[40],"updates":[41],"urban":[43,54,92],"infrastructure":[44],"and":[45,83,93,106,137,191,197,221,228],"network":[47,248],"iterations,":[48],"crafting":[49],"complex":[53],"environments":[55],"represents":[56],"substantial":[58],"challenge.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"multi-output":[64,125],"framework":[65],"for":[66,134,194,215],"generating":[67],"real":[71],"multi-building":[72],"scenarios":[73],"is":[74,111,132],"proposed,":[75],"based":[76],"on":[77,158],"Reference":[78,84],"Signal":[79,85],"Received":[80,86],"Power":[81],"(RSRP)":[82],"Quality":[87],"(RSRQ)":[88],"extracted":[89],"from":[90,147],"actual":[91,120],"suburban":[94],"Measurement":[95],"Reports":[96],"(MRs).":[97],"Specifically,":[98],"An":[99],"image":[100,135,162],"encoding":[101,163],"method":[102,214,236],"integrating":[103],"environmental":[104,148],"features":[105],"base":[107],"station":[108],"system":[109,150],"information":[110,151],"designed,":[112],"while":[113],"considering":[114],"sector":[116],"antenna":[117],"characteristics":[118],"communication":[121,177],"environments.":[122],"Then,":[123],"Conditional":[126],"Wasserstein":[127],"Generative":[128],"Adversarial":[129],"Network":[130],"(CWGAN)":[131],"constructed":[133],"conversion,":[136],"are":[141,224],"generated":[142],"by":[143],"learning":[144],"mapping":[146],"&":[149,154],"RSRP":[153,216],"RSRQ":[155,218],"maps,":[157],"basis":[160,190],"that":[164,204],"incorporates":[165],"physical":[167],"laws":[168],"propagation.":[171],"By":[172],"calculating":[173],"priority":[175],"link":[178],"gains":[179],"at":[180],"receiving":[181],"points,":[182],"it":[183],"provides":[184],"with":[187,249],"reliable":[188],"theoretical":[189],"conditional":[192],"information,":[193],"serving":[195,220],"cells":[196,223],"first":[198],"neighboring":[199,222],"cells.":[200],"Experimental":[201],"results":[202],"show":[203],"root":[206],"mean":[207],"square":[208],"errors":[209],"(RMSE)":[210],"proposed":[213,235],"/":[217,226,230],"1.7821":[225],"2.2251":[227],"0.8108":[229],"1.5121,":[231],"which":[232],"demonstrates":[233],"outperforms":[237],"baseline":[239],"results.":[240],"Simultaneously":[241],"generation":[244],"endows":[245],"cellular":[247],"certain":[251],"\u201cprophetic\"":[252],"capability,":[253],"significantly":[254],"enhancing":[255],"live":[257],"service":[258],"experience.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-11T23:08:45.486102","created_date":"2025-12-18T00:00:00"}
