{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417439003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645079","title":"Robust and Invisible Flow Watermarking With Invertible Neural Network for Traffic Tracking","display_name":"Robust and Invisible Flow Watermarking With Invertible Neural Network for Traffic Tracking","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417439003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645079"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034831625","display_name":"Yali Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-9929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yali Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088985928","display_name":"Ruolin Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruolin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jian Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-3426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043707940","display_name":"Guang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8642-4362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034831625"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85800469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"1381","last_page":"1394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.37459999322891235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.37459999322891235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.31380000710487366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.04019999876618385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8396000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6865000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4575999975204468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8396000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6865000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96442724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242188","display_name":"Invertible matrix","level":2,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3645079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3622784231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SBK2023041256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7905402164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB3106700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8970236852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506219363","https://openalex.org/W1550624107","https://openalex.org/W1579427489","https://openalex.org/W1591967853","https://openalex.org/W1600930409","https://openalex.org/W1602499992","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1869319442","https://openalex.org/W1967376787","https://openalex.org/W1990649829","https://openalex.org/W2006647204","https://openalex.org/W2009172815","https://openalex.org/W2043681328","https://openalex.org/W2099829430","https://openalex.org/W2101160944","https://openalex.org/W2107253631","https://openalex.org/W2125657162","https://openalex.org/W2127264212","https://openalex.org/W2139978474","https://openalex.org/W2146148058","https://openalex.org/W2163674653","https://openalex.org/W2167969546","https://openalex.org/W2169991041","https://openalex.org/W2440619573","https://openalex.org/W2586363962","https://openalex.org/W2793289106","https://openalex.org/W2794372970","https://openalex.org/W2989494640","https://openalex.org/W4200594565","https://openalex.org/W4288391344","https://openalex.org/W4312560303","https://openalex.org/W4402508041"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,94],"paper":[1,61],"introduces":[2],"an":[3],"innovative":[4],"blind":[5,102],"flow":[6],"watermarking":[7,32],"framework":[8,35],"on":[9,82],"the":[10,23,38,49,63,76,83,87,90,98,101,111,149],"basis":[11],"of":[12,25,104],"Invertible":[13],"Neural":[14],"Network":[15],"(INN)":[16],"called":[17],"IFW,":[18],"which":[19,68],"aims":[20],"to":[21,42,65,152],"solve":[22],"problem":[24],"suboptimal":[26],"encoder-decoder":[27],"coupling":[28],"in":[29,131],"existing":[30],"end-to-end":[31],"architectures.":[33],"The":[34],"tightly":[36],"couples":[37],"encoder":[39],"and":[40,72,75,100,122,134,156],"decoder":[41],"achieve":[43],"highly":[44],"consistent":[45],"feature":[46,56,95],"mapping":[47],"using":[48],"same":[50],"parameters,":[51],"thus":[52],"effectively":[53],"avoiding":[54],"redundant":[55],"embedding.":[57],"In":[58],"addition,":[59],"this":[60],"adopts":[62],"INN":[64],"implement":[66],"watermarking,":[67],"supports":[69],"forward":[70],"encoding":[71],"backward":[73],"decoding,":[74],"watermark":[77,117],"extraction":[78,103,118],"is":[79],"completely":[80],"dependent":[81],"embedding":[84,99],"algorithm":[85],"without":[86],"need":[88],"for":[89,164],"original":[91],"network":[92],"flow.":[93],"enables":[96],"both":[97,132],"watermarks":[105],"simultaneously.":[106],"Extensive":[107],"experiments":[108],"demonstrate":[109],"that":[110],"proposed":[112],"IFW":[113],"method":[114],"achieves":[115],"a":[116,124,142],"accuracy":[119],"exceeding":[120],"96.6%":[121],"maintains":[123],"stable":[125],"K-S":[126],"test":[127],"p-value":[128],"above":[129],"0.85":[130],"simulated":[133],"real-world":[135,165],"Tor":[136],"traffic":[137],"environments.":[138],"These":[139],"results":[140],"indicate":[141],"clear":[143],"advantage":[144],"over":[145],"mainstream":[146],"baselines,":[147],"highlighting":[148],"methods":[150],"ability":[151],"jointly":[153],"ensure":[154],"robustness":[155],"invisibility,":[157],"as":[158,160],"well":[159],"its":[161],"strong":[162],"potential":[163],"deployment.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}
