{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407759932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3642984","title":"Universal Embedding Function for Traffic Classification via QUIC Domain Recognition Pretraining: A Transfer Learning Success","display_name":"Universal Embedding Function for Traffic Classification via QUIC Domain Recognition Pretraining: A Transfer Learning Success","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407759932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3642984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3642984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3642984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.12930","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052303277","display_name":"Jan Luxemburk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-0054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Luxemburk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-0054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088718699","display_name":"Karel Hynek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-618X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karel Hynek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-618X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016267535","display_name":"Richard Pln\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0544-8424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Pln\u00fd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0544-8424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062180857","display_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u010cejka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7794-9511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54634078","display_name":"CESNET, z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 sdru\u017een\u00ed pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob","ror":"https://ror.org/050dkka69","country_code":"CZ","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54634078"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u010cejka","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESNET Association, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7794-9511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESNET Association, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54634078"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84933106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"1647","last_page":"1663"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.7345489263534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6225422620773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5348250865936279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4848955273628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.44957223534584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34896162152290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3458130359649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-biology","display_name":"Cell biology","score":0.10765081644058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09887421131134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.09735313057899475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.7345489263534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6225422620773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5348250865936279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4848955273628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44957223534584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34896162152290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3458130359649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.10765081644058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09887421131134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09735313057899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3642984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3642984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.12930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12930","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.12930","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.12930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.12930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.12930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12930","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.12930","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5611503438","display_name":"Flow-based Encrypted Traffic Analysis","funder_award_id":"VJ02010024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311333","funder_display_name":"Ministerstvo Vnitra \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311333","display_name":"Ministerstvo Vnitra \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","ror":"https://ror.org/05w1nn565"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309779554","https://openalex.org/W4385624909","https://openalex.org/W4313837379","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2982309555","https://openalex.org/W4308261380","https://openalex.org/W3187955212","https://openalex.org/W4296916955","https://openalex.org/W4224315052","https://openalex.org/W4382239858","https://openalex.org/W2949072481","https://openalex.org/W4403445983","https://openalex.org/W4391093786","https://openalex.org/W3108975329","https://openalex.org/W4406858009","https://openalex.org/W4388125445","https://openalex.org/W4385899608","https://openalex.org/W4392964588","https://openalex.org/W4387007222","https://openalex.org/W4386875953","https://openalex.org/W3145680685","https://openalex.org/W4307020324","https://openalex.org/W2998702515","https://openalex.org/W3190219082","https://openalex.org/W4321380758","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2157364932","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W3109225549","https://openalex.org/W3208904656","https://openalex.org/W4399852523","https://openalex.org/W4389155054","https://openalex.org/W4385562531"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W2037549926","https://openalex.org/W2345479200","https://openalex.org/W2183306018","https://openalex.org/W2849310602","https://openalex.org/W3201126466","https://openalex.org/W3006008237","https://openalex.org/W2419146053","https://openalex.org/W4388890789","https://openalex.org/W2088247287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encrypted":[0,89],"traffic":[1],"classification":[2],"(TC)":[3],"methods":[4],"must":[5],"adapt":[6],"to":[7,15,56,83,108],"new":[8],"protocols":[9],"and":[10,52,102,167],"extensions":[11],"as":[12,14],"well":[13],"advancements":[16],"in":[17,69,74],"other":[18],"machine":[19],"learning":[20,29,106,171],"fields.":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23],"paper,":[24],"we":[25],"adopt":[26],"a":[27,43,47,77,95,103,139,142],"transfer":[28,54,116,170],"setup":[30],"best":[31],"known":[32],"from":[33],"computer":[34],"vision.":[35],"We":[36,160],"first":[37],"pretrain":[38],"an":[39,133],"embedding":[40],"model":[41,120,163],"on":[42,119,125],"complex":[44],"task":[45,63],"with":[46,132,141,152],"large":[48],"number":[49],"of":[50,66,87,127,136],"classes":[51],"then":[53],"it":[55],"seven":[57],"established":[58],"TC":[59,130,158],"datasets.":[60],"The":[61],"pretraining":[62],"is":[64,76],"recognition":[65],"SNI":[67],"domains":[68],"encrypted":[70],"QUIC":[71],"traffic,":[72],"which":[73],"itself":[75],"challenge":[78],"for":[79,155,169],"network":[80],"monitoring":[81],"due":[82],"the":[84,156,162],"growing":[85],"adoption":[86],"TLS":[88],"Client":[90],"Hello.":[91],"Our":[92],"training":[93],"pipeline\u2013featuring":[94],"disjoint":[96],"class":[97],"setup,":[98],"ArcFace":[99],"loss":[100],"function,":[101],"modern":[104],"deep":[105],"architecture\u2013aims":[107],"produce":[109],"universal":[110],"embeddings":[111],"applicable":[112],"across":[113],"tasks.":[114],"A":[115],"method":[117,144],"based":[118],"fine-tuning":[121],"surpassed":[122],"SOTA":[123],"performance":[124],"nine":[126],"ten":[128],"downstream":[129],"tasks,":[131],"average":[134],"improvement":[135],"6.4%.":[137],"Furthermore,":[138],"comparison":[140],"baseline":[143],"using":[145],"raw":[146],"packet":[147],"sequences":[148],"revealed":[149],"unexpected":[150],"findings":[151],"potential":[153],"implications":[154],"broader":[157],"field.":[159],"released":[161],"architecture,":[164],"trained":[165],"weights,":[166],"codebase":[168],"experiments.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-02-20T00:00:00"}