{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416707303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3636946","title":"Hyperflex: A SIMD-Based DFA Model for Deep Packet Inspection","display_name":"Hyperflex: A SIMD-Based DFA Model for Deep Packet Inspection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416707303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3636946"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3636946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3636946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088963844","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2020-2870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112623436","display_name":"Wenjun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2420-2774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071050392","display_name":"Harry Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harry Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network and Edge Group, Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd., Shanghai, China","Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network and Edge Group, Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101950117","display_name":"Yang Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-4750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network and Edge Group, Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd., Shanghai, China","Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network and Edge Group, Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080113856","display_name":"Geoff Langdale","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoff Langdale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network and Edge Group, Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd., Shanghai, China","Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network and Edge Group, Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Asia-Pacific Research and Development Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038317164","display_name":"Kun Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4873-0614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003998216","display_name":"Jin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-2648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088963844"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42356316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"1515","last_page":"1528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-packet-inspection","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","score":0.7746999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterministic-finite-automaton","display_name":"Deterministic finite automaton","score":0.7505000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7109000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-expression","display_name":"Regular expression","score":0.6377000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.6189000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.580299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-finite-state-machine","display_name":"Extended finite-state machine","score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.451200008392334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8633000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204679922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734252","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","level":3,"score":0.7746999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104091681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837528","display_name":"Deterministic finite automaton","level":3,"score":0.7505000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7109000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121329065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185612","display_name":"Regular expression","level":2,"score":0.6377000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.6189000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.580299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181062253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421886","display_name":"Extended finite-state machine","level":3,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68859911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503724","display_name":"Pattern matching","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150552126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339387","display_name":"SIMD","level":2,"score":0.36649999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194525867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265707","display_name":"Deterministic automaton","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67388219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207440","display_name":"Hash table","level":3,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65753522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5204896","display_name":"DFA minimization","level":5,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174784677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176567","display_name":"Probabilistic automaton","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120373497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1087987","display_name":"Parallel algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113508815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193446","display_name":"Packet switching","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3636946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3636946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525776788","https://openalex.org/W1960511147","https://openalex.org/W1971703394","https://openalex.org/W2006508099","https://openalex.org/W2015535429","https://openalex.org/W2038810743","https://openalex.org/W2053159775","https://openalex.org/W2067845746","https://openalex.org/W2068050949","https://openalex.org/W2072607050","https://openalex.org/W2098308434","https://openalex.org/W2115345034","https://openalex.org/W2126926261","https://openalex.org/W2139325411","https://openalex.org/W2139418336","https://openalex.org/W2147076738","https://openalex.org/W2148913232","https://openalex.org/W2161699954","https://openalex.org/W2393727648","https://openalex.org/W2406788951","https://openalex.org/W2409939811","https://openalex.org/W2434217241","https://openalex.org/W2613514830","https://openalex.org/W2785474195","https://openalex.org/W2808825929","https://openalex.org/W2906182977","https://openalex.org/W3016919608","https://openalex.org/W3110137362","https://openalex.org/W3203306599","https://openalex.org/W4226395545","https://openalex.org/W4226502243","https://openalex.org/W4233865259","https://openalex.org/W4236564633","https://openalex.org/W4251400443","https://openalex.org/W4312387251","https://openalex.org/W4386260583","https://openalex.org/W4390908063","https://openalex.org/W4403223278"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Packet":[1],"Inspection":[2],"(DPI)":[3],"has":[4,43,190],"been":[5,191],"extensively":[6],"employed":[7],"for":[8,17,82,96],"network":[9,31,148],"security.":[10],"It":[11],"examines":[12],"traffic":[13,149],"payloads":[14],"by":[15,98],"searching":[16],"regular":[18],"expressions":[19],"(regex)":[20],"with":[21,146],"the":[22,30,39,53,64,67,102,130,140,174,179],"Deterministic":[23],"Finite":[24],"Automaton":[25],"(DFA)":[26],"model.":[27,69],"However,":[28],"as":[29,45],"bandwidth":[32],"and":[33,121,124,143,150],"ruleset":[34],"size":[35],"are":[36],"increasing":[37],"rapidly,":[38],"conventional":[40],"DFA":[41,68,79,104,176],"model":[42,80,177],"emerged":[44],"a":[46,76,88,109,160,187],"significant":[47],"performance":[48],"bottleneck":[49],"of":[50,66,133,162,167,178],"DPI.":[51],"Leveraging":[52],"Single-Instruction-Multiple-Data":[54],"(SIMD)":[55],"instruction":[56],"to":[57,92,169],"perform":[58],"state":[59,111,116,127],"transitions":[60],"can":[61],"substantially":[62],"boost":[63],"efficiency":[65],"In":[70],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73,107],"propose":[74],"Hyperflex,":[75],"novel":[77],"SIMD-based":[78],"designed":[81],"high-performance":[83],"regex":[84,182],"matching.":[85],"Hyperflex":[86,138,158,189],"incorporates":[87],"region":[89],"detection":[90],"algorithm":[91,113],"identify":[93],"regions":[94],"suitable":[95],"acceleration":[97],"SIMD":[99],"instructions":[100],"across":[101,129],"whole":[103],"graph.":[105],"Also,":[106],"design":[108],"hybrid":[110],"transition":[112,117,128],"that":[114,157],"enables":[115],"in":[118,194],"both":[119],"SIMD-accelerated":[120],"normal":[122],"regions,":[123],"ensures":[125],"seamless":[126],"two":[131],"types":[132],"regions.":[134],"We":[135],"have":[136],"implemented":[137],"on":[139],"commodity":[141],"CPU":[142],"evaluated":[144],"it":[145],"real":[147],"DPI":[151],"regexes.":[152],"Our":[153],"evaluation":[154],"results":[155],"indicate":[156],"reaches":[159],"throughput":[161],"8.89Gbit/s,":[163],"representing":[164],"an":[165],"improvement":[166],"up":[168],"2.27":[170],"times":[171],"over":[172],"Mcclellan,":[173],"default":[175],"prominent":[180],"multi-pattern":[181],"matching":[183],"engine":[184],"Hyperscan.":[185],"As":[186],"result,":[188],"successfully":[192],"deployed":[193],"Hyperscan,":[195],"significantly":[196],"enhancing":[197],"its":[198],"performance.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-27T00:00:00"}