{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415707415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3627441","title":"An Efficient Website Fingerprinting for New Websites Emerging Based on Incremental Learning","display_name":"An Efficient Website Fingerprinting for New Websites Emerging Based on Incremental Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415707415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3627441"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3627441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3627441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023271503","display_name":"Zhengge Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-9042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhengge Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072901873","display_name":"Tengyao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6921-6174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tengyao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730712","display_name":"Meng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-2196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054223410","display_name":"Xiaoyun Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1729-9980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyun Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074938901","display_name":"Shaoyong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7572-1959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102018721","display_name":"Xiangyang Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6062-2950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, People’s Liberation Army Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023271503"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16410131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"365","last_page":"381"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9034000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9034000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5611000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"Forgetting","score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3521000146865845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8661999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5611000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777611316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39045282","display_name":"Streaming data","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780735816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324931","display_name":"Incremental learning","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534932454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161410","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3627441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3627441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1305762636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402523","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2913090720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"232300421098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4169049969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3102900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7798291704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7817342302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907660108","https://openalex.org/W1993568446","https://openalex.org/W2108217512","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2783301790","https://openalex.org/W2913901113","https://openalex.org/W2956281981","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2964189064","https://openalex.org/W2964602598","https://openalex.org/W2989013751","https://openalex.org/W3177494822","https://openalex.org/W3180392831","https://openalex.org/W4200365378","https://openalex.org/W4312238419","https://openalex.org/W4312797789","https://openalex.org/W4381198655","https://openalex.org/W4382464382","https://openalex.org/W4385080294","https://openalex.org/W4386260593","https://openalex.org/W4387011225","https://openalex.org/W4387448885","https://openalex.org/W4388856908","https://openalex.org/W4388858184","https://openalex.org/W4389306565","https://openalex.org/W4390659109","https://openalex.org/W4391290329","https://openalex.org/W4396758681","https://openalex.org/W4399205525","https://openalex.org/W4402092710","https://openalex.org/W4402754307","https://openalex.org/W4405183144"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Website":[0],"fingerprinting":[1],"attacks":[2],"leverage":[3],"encrypted":[4],"traffic":[5,142],"features":[6],"to":[7,64,93],"identify":[8],"specific":[9],"services":[10],"accessed":[11],"by":[12,68,152,162,189],"users":[13],"within":[14],"anonymity":[15],"networks":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18],"Tor.":[19],"Although":[20],"existing":[21,148],"WF":[22,83],"methods":[23,45,151],"achieve":[24],"high":[25],"accuracy":[26],"on":[27,50,86,138],"static":[28],"datasets":[29,143],"using":[30],"deep":[31],"learning":[32,88,150],"techniques,":[33],"they":[34],"struggle":[35],"in":[36,54,124,154],"dynamic":[37,82],"environments":[38],"where":[39],"anonymous":[40],"websites":[41,96,157],"continually":[42],"evolve.":[43],"These":[44],"typically":[46],"require":[47],"full":[48,101,199],"retraining":[49,200],"composite":[51],"datasets,":[52],"resulting":[53],"substantial":[55,195],"computational":[56],"and":[57,60,71,113,119,132,158,172],"storage":[58],"burdens,":[59],"are":[61],"particularly":[62],"vulnerable":[63],"classification":[65,134,177],"bias":[66],"caused":[67],"data":[69,170],"imbalance":[70,171],"concept":[72,173],"drift.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"these":[76],"challenges,":[77],"we":[78],"propose":[79],"EIL-WF,":[80],"a":[81,130],"framework":[84],"based":[85],"incremental":[87,149],"that":[89,145],"enables":[90],"efficient":[91],"adaptation":[92],"newly":[94],"emerging":[95],"without":[97],"the":[98],"need":[99],"for":[100,109],"retraining.":[102],"EIL-WF":[103,146,165],"incrementally":[104],"trains":[105],"lightweight,":[106],"independent":[107],"classifiers":[108],"new":[110,156],"website":[111],"classes":[112],"integrates":[114],"them":[115],"through":[116],"classifier":[117],"normalization":[118],"energy":[120],"alignment":[121],"strategies":[122],"grounded":[123],"energy-based":[125],"model":[126,187],"theory,":[127],"thereby":[128],"constructing":[129],"unified":[131],"robust":[133],"model.":[135],"Comprehensive":[136],"experiments":[137],"two":[139],"public":[140],"Tor":[141],"demonstrate":[144],"outperforms":[147],"6.2%\u201320.2%":[153],"identifying":[155],"reduces":[159],"catastrophic":[160],"forgetting":[161],"5.4%\u201320%.":[163],"Notably,":[164],"exhibits":[166],"strong":[167],"resilience":[168],"against":[169],"drift,":[174],"maintaining":[175],"stable":[176],"performance":[178],"across":[179],"evolving":[180],"distributions.":[181],"Furthermore,EIL-WF":[182],"decreases":[183],"training":[184],"time":[185],"during":[186],"updates":[188],"2\u20133":[190],"orders":[191],"of":[192],"magnitude,":[193],"demonstrating":[194],"advantages":[196],"over":[197],"conventional":[198],"paradigms.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}