{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414955869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3619023","title":"Cost Analysis of VNF Distributions in 5G MEC-Based Networks With Protection Scheme","display_name":"Cost Analysis of VNF Distributions in 5G MEC-Based Networks With Protection Scheme","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414955869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3619023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3619023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3619023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078678437","display_name":"Hern\u00e2ni D. Chantre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0386-5934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I250481426","display_name":"University of Cape Verde","ror":"https://ror.org/001fphc23","country_code":"CV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I250481426"]}],"countries":["BR","CV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hernani D. Chantre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Cape Verde, Praia, Cape Verde","University of Campinas, Institute of Computing, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Cape Verde, Praia, Cape Verde","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I250481426"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Campinas, Institute of Computing, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039387826","display_name":"Nelson L. S. da Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-602X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil","University of Campinas, Institute of Computing, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-602X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Campinas, Institute of Computing, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23233588,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"1014","last_page":"1027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9480000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.642300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.607200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.42899999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.642300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.607200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5706999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.48980000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3619023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3619023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011214980","https://openalex.org/W2065608738","https://openalex.org/W2076054478","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2323101214","https://openalex.org/W2615459164","https://openalex.org/W2741707093","https://openalex.org/W2742102025","https://openalex.org/W2766814683","https://openalex.org/W2794583459","https://openalex.org/W2886182585","https://openalex.org/W2890625700","https://openalex.org/W2900065854","https://openalex.org/W2989538747","https://openalex.org/W2996899367","https://openalex.org/W3010935918","https://openalex.org/W3016115949","https://openalex.org/W3025805331","https://openalex.org/W3047037323","https://openalex.org/W3088034496","https://openalex.org/W3089006499","https://openalex.org/W3168862718","https://openalex.org/W3199266959","https://openalex.org/W4205946715","https://openalex.org/W4285132756","https://openalex.org/W4285813864","https://openalex.org/W4312375289","https://openalex.org/W4313562913","https://openalex.org/W4316877038","https://openalex.org/W4386132169","https://openalex.org/W4401751716","https://openalex.org/W4402157051","https://openalex.org/W4402159088","https://openalex.org/W4402896912","https://openalex.org/W4408323695","https://openalex.org/W4408935338","https://openalex.org/W4409153617"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,26,42,51,68,96,100,110],"optimal":[4],"placement":[5,116],"of":[6,28,113],"Multi-Access":[7],"Edge":[8],"Computing":[9],"(MEC)":[10],"nodes":[11],"in":[12,64,121],"5G":[13,126],"networks,":[14,66],"aiming":[15],"to":[16],"meet":[17],"stringent":[18],"performance":[19],"requirements":[20],"while":[21,67],"minimizing":[22],"cost.":[23],"It":[24],"explores":[25],"impact":[27],"various":[29],"Virtual":[30],"Network":[31],"Function":[32],"(VNF)":[33],"distribution":[34,85],"strategies":[35],"on":[36],"overall":[37],"network":[38,89],"cost,":[39],"specifically":[40],"examining":[41],"1:1,":[43],"1:N,":[44],"and":[45,117],"1:N:K":[46],"protection":[47,102],"schemes.":[48],"To":[49],"tackle":[50],"MEC":[52,115],"location":[53],"problem,":[54],"bi-objective":[55],"nonlinear":[56],"mathematical":[57],"models":[58],"are":[59],"employed":[60],"for":[61,77],"exact":[62],"solutions":[63],"small-scale":[65],"Non-dominated":[69],"Sorting":[70],"Genetic":[71],"Algorithm":[72],"II":[73],"(NSGA-II)":[74],"is":[75],"applied":[76],"larger":[78],"networks.":[79],"The":[80],"results":[81],"reveal":[82],"that":[83],"VNF":[84],"can":[86],"significantly":[87],"escalate":[88],"costs,":[90],"with":[91],"fully":[92],"distributed":[93],"VNFs":[94],"incurring":[95],"highest":[97],"expenses.":[98],"However,":[99],"enhanced":[101],"scheme":[103],"demonstrates":[104],"improved":[105],"cost-efficiency.":[106],"These":[107],"findings":[108],"highlight":[109],"critical":[111],"role":[112],"strategic":[114],"intelligent":[118],"resource":[119],"allocation":[120],"building":[122],"scalable,":[123],"resilient,":[124],"cost-effective":[125],"infrastructures.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}