{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7081973580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833","title":"Send Message to the Future? Blockchain-Based Time Machines for Decentralized Reveal of Locked Information","display_name":"Send Message to the Future? Blockchain-Based Time Machines for Decentralized Reveal of Locked Information","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7081973580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhuolun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4197-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhuolun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4197-9975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Srijoni Majumdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-4087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srijoni Majumdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-4087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Evangelos Pournaras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3900-2057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos Pournaras","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3900-2057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3465,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95227518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"6112","last_page":"6127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6539000272750854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6539000272750854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.024800000712275505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.7692000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5983999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-sharing","display_name":"Secret sharing","score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.35569998621940613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.7692000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5983999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3087436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386603","display_name":"Secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18396474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465888","display_name":"Secure multi-party computation","level":3,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776854237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information sharing","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168297262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031182","display_name":"Information protection policy","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:237526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4197-9975>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:237531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-4087>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3604833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4508360706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR-/W009560-/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146244851","https://openalex.org/W1526627394","https://openalex.org/W1527410104","https://openalex.org/W1532961226","https://openalex.org/W1534733761","https://openalex.org/W1543837153","https://openalex.org/W1574185037","https://openalex.org/W1941810624","https://openalex.org/W1977728289","https://openalex.org/W1978137354","https://openalex.org/W1987581799","https://openalex.org/W1997820219","https://openalex.org/W2043210833","https://openalex.org/W2105600028","https://openalex.org/W2108836391","https://openalex.org/W2116556172","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2141870382","https://openalex.org/W2152924492","https://openalex.org/W2158964208","https://openalex.org/W2592077777","https://openalex.org/W2788054796","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2885172320","https://openalex.org/W2894990081","https://openalex.org/W2913157813","https://openalex.org/W2953744829","https://openalex.org/W2962842124","https://openalex.org/W2967051452","https://openalex.org/W2990498574","https://openalex.org/W2998079061","https://openalex.org/W3017213667","https://openalex.org/W3037691981","https://openalex.org/W3039288654","https://openalex.org/W3049014217","https://openalex.org/W3168667840","https://openalex.org/W3185233252","https://openalex.org/W3187124783","https://openalex.org/W3196123068","https://openalex.org/W3201537886","https://openalex.org/W3202867525","https://openalex.org/W3212201001","https://openalex.org/W4213069082","https://openalex.org/W4283067840","https://openalex.org/W4312819401","https://openalex.org/W4385654278","https://openalex.org/W4407851379"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conditional":[0],"information":[1,8,56,82],"reveal":[2,83],"systems":[3,84],"automate":[4],"the":[5,20,35,45,75,110,125,134],"release":[6],"of":[7,44,80,106,117,136],"upon":[9],"meeting":[10],"specific":[11],"predefined":[12],"conditions,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"a":[16,25,49,59,72,104,114,118],"designated":[17],"time":[18],"in":[19,34,74,109,140],"future.":[21],"This":[22,68],"paper":[23,69],"presents":[24],"new":[26],"practical":[27],"timed-release":[28],"cryptography":[29],"system":[30,47,62,121,139],"that":[31,85],"\u201csends":[32],"messages":[33],"future\u201d":[36],"with":[37,54],"highly":[38,87],"accurate":[39],"decryption":[40],"times.":[41],"The":[42],"core":[43],"proposed":[46],"is":[48,63,95],"novel":[50],"secret":[51],"sharing":[52,61],"scheme":[53],"verifiable":[55],"reveal,":[57],"and":[58,78,89,113,147],"data":[60],"devised":[64],"on":[65],"smart":[66],"contracts.":[67],"also":[70,132],"introduces":[71],"breakthrough":[73],"understanding,":[76],"design,":[77],"application":[79],"conditional":[81],"are":[86],"secure":[88,146],"decentralized.":[90],"A":[91],"complete":[92],"evaluation":[93,116],"portfolio":[94],"provided":[96],"to":[97,145],"this":[98,137],"pioneering":[99],"paradigm,":[100],"including":[101],"analytical":[102],"results,":[103],"validation":[105],"its":[107,143],"robustness":[108],"Tamarin":[111],"Prover":[112],"performance":[115],"real-world,":[119],"open-source":[120],"prototype":[122],"deployed":[123],"across":[124],"globe.":[126],"Using":[127],"real-world":[128],"election":[129],"data,":[130],"we":[131],"demonstrate":[133],"applicability":[135],"innovative":[138],"e-voting,":[141],"illustrating":[142],"capacity":[144],"ensure":[148],"fair":[149],"elections.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}