{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412747992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3593870","title":"Critical Limitations of the Least Outstanding Request Load Balancing Policy in Service Meshes for Large-Scale Microservice Applications","display_name":"Critical Limitations of the Least Outstanding Request Load Balancing Policy in Service Meshes for Large-Scale Microservice Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412747992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3593870"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3593870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3593870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025091663","display_name":"Andrea Detti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0803-1392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Detti","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”, Rome, Italy","CNIT and the Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT and the Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038346031","display_name":"Ludovico Funari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-2124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludovico Funari","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”, Rome, Italy","CNIT and the Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT and the Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025091663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.522,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86146787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"5452","last_page":"5463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8602465391159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.6829102039337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microservices","display_name":"Microservices","score":0.6045222878456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon-mesh","display_name":"Polygon mesh","score":0.5840325355529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5282511115074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5160281658172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.43010926246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20097437500953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.09744030237197876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8602465391159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.6829102039337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18344624","display_name":"Microservices","level":3,"score":0.6045222878456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31487907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597","display_name":"Polygon mesh","level":2,"score":0.5840325355529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5282511115074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5160281658172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.43010926246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20097437500953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.09744030237197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3593870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3593870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:art.torvergata.it:2108/436385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2108/436385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400993","display_name":"Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","host_organization_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1761799337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000001 (NRRP, Italy, RESTART)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004117068","https://openalex.org/W2043284556","https://openalex.org/W3175372827","https://openalex.org/W2488220206","https://openalex.org/W2146301767","https://openalex.org/W191730236","https://openalex.org/W4384948837","https://openalex.org/W4312680855","https://openalex.org/W3191990038","https://openalex.org/W1524016490"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Service":[0],"meshes":[1],"are":[2],"becoming":[3],"pivotal":[4],"software":[5],"frameworks":[6],"for":[7,109,151],"managing":[8],"communication":[9],"among":[10],"microservices":[11],"in":[12,17,86],"distributed":[13],"applications.":[14],"Each":[15],"microservice":[16,111,123,152,163,175],"a":[18,89,104,132,179],"service":[19],"mesh":[20],"is":[21,64,168],"paired":[22],"with":[23,76,88],"an":[24,145],"L7":[25],"sidecar":[26,43],"proxy,":[27],"which":[28,70],"intercepts":[29],"incoming":[30],"and":[31,40,100,106],"outgoing":[32,52],"requests":[33,53,72],"to":[34,50,54,73,128,169],"provide":[35],"enhanced":[36],"observability,":[37],"traffic":[38],"management,":[39],"security.":[41],"These":[42],"proxies":[44],"use":[45],"application-level":[46],"load":[47,134,155,171],"balancing":[48,135,156,172],"policies":[49],"route":[51],"available":[55],"replicas":[56,124],"of":[57,92,115,122,131],"destination":[58],"microservices.":[59],"A":[60],"widely":[61],"adopted":[62],"policy":[63],"the":[65,74,77,113,120,129,186],"Least":[66],"Outstanding":[67],"Request":[68],"(LOR),":[69],"directs":[71],"replica":[75],"fewest":[78],"outstanding":[79],"requests.":[80],"While":[81],"LOR":[82,116,139],"effectively":[83],"reduces":[84],"latency":[85],"applications":[87,153],"small":[90],"number":[91,121],"replicas,":[93],"our":[94],"comprehensive":[95],"investigation\u2013":[96],"combining":[97],"analytical,":[98],"simulation,":[99],"experimental":[101],"methods\u2013":[102],"uncovers":[103],"novel":[105],"critical":[107],"issue":[108],"large-scale":[110],"applications:":[112],"performance":[114,130,140],"significantly":[117,158],"degrades":[118],"as":[119],"increases,":[125],"eventually":[126],"converging":[127],"random":[133],"policy.":[136],"To":[137],"recover":[138],"at":[141],"scale,":[142],"we":[143],"propose":[144],"opensource":[146],"solution":[147],"named":[148],"Proxy-Service,":[149],"tailored":[150],"where":[154],"incurs":[157],"lower":[159],"resource":[160],"demands":[161],"than":[162],"execution.":[164],"The":[165],"core":[166],"idea":[167],"consolidate":[170],"decisions":[173],"per":[174],"into":[176,185],"one":[177],"or":[178],"few":[180],"reverse":[181],"proxies,":[182],"transparently":[183],"injected":[184],"application.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-01T08:55:55.761014","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}