{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413267178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3592979","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Contract Incentive and Computation Offloading for Mobile Edge Computing-Enabled Blockchain","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Contract Incentive and Computation Offloading for Mobile Edge Computing-Enabled Blockchain","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413267178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3592979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3592979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3592979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385513","display_name":"Wenjie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7470-3011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9356336","display_name":"Minnan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj1vm13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9356336"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligence Application, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7470-3011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligence Application, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9356336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101893709","display_name":"Yi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2366-0100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9356336","display_name":"Minnan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj1vm13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9356336"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligence Application, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligence Application, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9356336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058078141","display_name":"Hong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9339-1829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9356336","display_name":"Minnan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj1vm13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9356336"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9339-1829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9356336"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006146465","display_name":"Chai Kiat Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7618-1472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chai Kiat Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing &amp; Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7618-1472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing &amp; Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7179,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95175505,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"5137","last_page":"5151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9056000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9042999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8095521330833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7985163927078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7494387030601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.689303994178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6374027132987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.6138384938240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.591505229473114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5448980927467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.49947452545166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4425169825553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.42897260189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4223555028438568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.4148428440093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.40279924869537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.34151172637939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3196799159049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21941688656806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.21070268750190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20928388833999634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8095521330833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7985163927078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7494387030601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.689303994178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6374027132987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.6138384938240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.591505229473114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5448980927467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.49947452545166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4425169825553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.42897260189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4223555028438568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.4148428440093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.40279924869537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.34151172637939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3196799159049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21941688656806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.21070268750190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20928388833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3592979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3592979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4706725913","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2290426788","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2912978522","https://openalex.org/W2963929166","https://openalex.org/W3032966393","https://openalex.org/W3084502969","https://openalex.org/W3085906129","https://openalex.org/W3108853510","https://openalex.org/W3123528008","https://openalex.org/W3199430739","https://openalex.org/W3200003121","https://openalex.org/W3207602870","https://openalex.org/W4206682705","https://openalex.org/W4210982773","https://openalex.org/W4226505384","https://openalex.org/W4281680764","https://openalex.org/W4285061777","https://openalex.org/W4285192135","https://openalex.org/W4306711442","https://openalex.org/W4310049486","https://openalex.org/W4312074761","https://openalex.org/W4312280987","https://openalex.org/W4312365266","https://openalex.org/W4315646984","https://openalex.org/W4322495002","https://openalex.org/W4328030963","https://openalex.org/W4360995544","https://openalex.org/W4361222181","https://openalex.org/W4366492996","https://openalex.org/W4367359630","https://openalex.org/W4367663257","https://openalex.org/W4379382582","https://openalex.org/W4382999117","https://openalex.org/W4384788152","https://openalex.org/W4385071608","https://openalex.org/W4386025745","https://openalex.org/W4391407083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W4225987626","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W4406207611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,202],"resolution":[1],"of":[2,10,15,24,35,65,86,106,116,121,213,233],"proof-of-work":[3],"problem":[4,100,105,137,158,203],"in":[5,26,199],"blockchain":[6,25,36,53],"requires":[7],"significant":[8],"amount":[9],"resources,":[11],"while":[12],"the":[13,22,33,97,114,119,126,130,156,168,177,182,208,217,225,231,234],"lack":[14],"computing":[16,40],"power":[17],"on":[18,181],"mobile":[19,27,38],"devices":[20],"limits":[21],"development":[23],"applications.":[28],"To":[29],"mitigate":[30],"this":[31,47,136],"issue,":[32],"combination":[34],"and":[37,67,92,109,125,132,164,186,210,216,241,249],"edge":[39,59,68,87,133,195],"(MEC)":[41],"has":[42],"attracted":[43],"much":[44],"attention.":[45],"In":[46,77],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"consider":[50],"an":[51],"edge-enabled":[52],"system":[54],"that":[55],"includes":[56],"one":[57],"single":[58],"service":[60],"provider":[61],"(ESP),":[62],"multiple":[63],"types":[64,85],"miners":[66],"nodes.":[69],"Each":[70],"miner":[71],"submits":[72],"offloading":[73,107,152,163,178],"request":[74],"to":[75,82,89,96,113,175,193,197,223,244],"ESP.":[76],"response,":[78],"ESP":[79,131],"designs":[80],"contract":[81,110,146,165,190],"incentivize":[83],"various":[84],"nodes":[88,196],"contribute":[90],"resources":[91],"offer":[93],"computational":[94],"services":[95],"miners.":[98],"This":[99],"is":[101,138,173,191,204,221],"a":[102,142],"joint":[103],"optimization":[104],"decisions":[108,179],"design.":[111,166],"Due":[112],"time-variability":[115],"network":[117,187],"environment,":[118],"randomness":[120],"miners\u2019":[122],"task":[123,184],"demands,":[124],"asymmetric":[127],"information":[128],"between":[129],"nodes,":[134],"solving":[135],"challenging.":[139],"We":[140],"propose":[141],"deep":[143,169],"reinforcement":[144],"learning":[145],"mechanism":[147],"(DRLCM)":[148],"for":[149],"incentive-based":[150],"computation":[151,162],"strategies,":[153],"which":[154,237],"divides":[155],"original":[157],"into":[159],"two":[160],"sub-problems:":[161],"Initially,":[167],"Q-network":[170],"(DQN)":[171],"algorithm":[172],"used":[174,222],"update":[176],"based":[180],"evolving":[183],"demands":[185],"conditions.":[188],"Secondly,":[189],"designed":[192],"motivate":[194],"participate":[198],"resource":[200],"sharing.":[201],"simplified":[205],"by":[206],"analyzing":[207],"necessary":[209],"sufficient":[211],"conditions":[212],"feasible":[214],"contract,":[215],"Lagrange":[218],"multiplier":[219],"method":[220],"approximate":[224],"optimal":[226],"contract.":[227],"Simulation":[228],"experiments":[229],"demonstrate":[230],"effectiveness":[232],"DRLCM":[235],"algorithm,":[236],"shows":[238],"better":[239],"convergence":[240],"performance":[242],"compared":[243],"traditional":[245],"DQN,":[246],"Double-DQN":[247],"algorithms":[248],"Dueling-DQN.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
