{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411600806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3582223","title":"FR-SFCO: Energy-Aware Offloading on Data Plane for Delay-Sensitive SFC","display_name":"FR-SFCO: Energy-Aware Offloading on Data Plane for Delay-Sensitive SFC","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411600806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3582223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3582223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3582223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bo Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5288-3778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5288-3778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055818694","display_name":"Deyun Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-4057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deyun Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-4057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102744584","display_name":"Xianchao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-8371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092870","display_name":"Jiaxing University","ror":"https://ror.org/00j2a7k55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092870"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Perceiving and Intelligent Systems, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-8371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Perceiving and Intelligent Systems, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073704569","display_name":"Chuan Heng Foh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5716-1396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Heng Foh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Surrey, U.K","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 5GIC and6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5716-1396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Surrey, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 5GIC and6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091713195","display_name":"Hongke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-813X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-813X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035919267","display_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-2640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.377,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78506315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"3823","last_page":"3837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7975795865058899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forwarding-plane","display_name":"Forwarding plane","score":0.49069058895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.41614702343940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4131004512310028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.18487024307250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09749054908752441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7975795865058899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.49069058895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.41614702343940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4131004512310028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.18487024307250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09749054908752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3582223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3582223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1042069055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62394323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335577","funder_display_name":"Major Research Plan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6666390355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62394323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335577","display_name":"Major Research Plan","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967922496","https://openalex.org/W1994926493","https://openalex.org/W2005957555","https://openalex.org/W2075825379","https://openalex.org/W2120881346","https://openalex.org/W2148459868","https://openalex.org/W2210790443","https://openalex.org/W2271171620","https://openalex.org/W2569452586","https://openalex.org/W2591441959","https://openalex.org/W2756083347","https://openalex.org/W2766814683","https://openalex.org/W3004790966","https://openalex.org/W3008207353","https://openalex.org/W3093895572","https://openalex.org/W3112957810","https://openalex.org/W3120213071","https://openalex.org/W3125704518","https://openalex.org/W3128341476","https://openalex.org/W3138979139","https://openalex.org/W3153429971","https://openalex.org/W3155427278","https://openalex.org/W3187538359","https://openalex.org/W3197527842","https://openalex.org/W3200951426","https://openalex.org/W3207153880","https://openalex.org/W4210737419","https://openalex.org/W4211003939","https://openalex.org/W4221044392","https://openalex.org/W4231461540","https://openalex.org/W4280504135","https://openalex.org/W4285247440","https://openalex.org/W4285503900","https://openalex.org/W4293770403","https://openalex.org/W4310215151","https://openalex.org/W4321021079","https://openalex.org/W4321490555","https://openalex.org/W4322741021","https://openalex.org/W4366310760","https://openalex.org/W4385481769","https://openalex.org/W4390042785","https://openalex.org/W4391091786","https://openalex.org/W4399039163","https://openalex.org/W4400233722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W116776481","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2125008614","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Service":[0],"Function":[1],"Chaining":[2],"(SFC)":[3],"is":[4],"widely":[5],"deployed":[6],"by":[7,166,223],"telecom":[8],"operators":[9],"and":[10,18,46,110,179,192],"cloud":[11],"service":[12],"providers,":[13],"offering":[14],"traffic":[15,130,172],"QoS":[16],"guarantees":[17],"other":[19],"additional":[20],"functions":[21],"for":[22,85,96,104,195,214],"various":[23],"applications.":[24],"The":[25,50,198],"network":[26,171],"state":[27],"at":[28,224],"the":[29,38,56,60,100,128,163,176,202,211],"time":[30],"of":[31,58,63,114,204],"SFC":[32,52,78,105,136,216],"deployment":[33],"can":[34,133,160],"differ":[35],"significantly":[36],"from":[37],"runtime":[39],"conditions,":[40],"leading":[41],"to":[42,98,127,141,174],"excessive":[43],"resource":[44],"allocation":[45],"consequent":[47],"energy":[48,69,181,221],"waste.":[49],"existing":[51],"reconfiguration":[53],"methods":[54],"face":[55],"challenge":[57],"meeting":[59],"latency":[61,212],"requirements":[62],"delay-sensitive":[64,86,215],"applications":[65],"while":[66],"achieving":[67],"significant":[68],"savings.":[70],"This":[71],"paper":[72],"proposes":[73],"FR-SFCO,":[74],"a":[75,91,120,169,186],"flow":[76,101],"rate-aware":[77],"offloading":[79,106,122,151,164],"framework":[80],"on":[81,144,156],"programmable":[82,108],"data":[83],"planes":[84],"flows.":[87],"Specifically,":[88],"we":[89,118,146,184],"designed":[90],"TCAM-friendly":[92],"table":[93],"matching":[94],"method":[95],"FR-SFCO":[97],"reduce":[99],"entries":[102],"needed":[103],"in":[107],"switches":[109,191],"support":[111],"larger":[112],"numbers":[113],"offloaded":[115],"SFC.":[116],"Then,":[117],"proposed":[119],"dual-threshold-based":[121],"trigger":[123],"mechanism":[124],"that,":[125],"according":[126],"real-time":[129],"arrival":[131],"rate,":[132],"fast":[134],"offload":[135],"flows":[137,217],"before":[138],"they":[139],"default":[140],"servers.":[142],"Building":[143],"this,":[145],"propose":[147],"DQN-AOTA,":[148],"an":[149],"adaptive":[150],"thresholds":[152,165],"adjustment":[153],"algorithm":[154],"based":[155],"Deep":[157],"Q-Learning,":[158],"which":[159,207],"wisely":[161],"change":[162],"interacting":[167],"with":[168],"dynamic":[170],"environment":[173],"minimize":[175],"packet":[177],"loss":[178],"long-term":[180],"consumption.":[182],"Finally,":[183],"build":[185],"testbed":[187],"using":[188],"BMv2":[189],"software":[190],"Docker":[193],"containers":[194],"extensive":[196],"evaluation.":[197],"experimental":[199],"results":[200],"demonstrate":[201],"effectiveness":[203],"our":[205],"solution":[206],"not":[208],"only":[209],"meets":[210],"constraints":[213],"but":[218],"also":[219],"reduces":[220],"expenditure":[222],"least":[225],"14.6%.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}