{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410770720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3574131","title":"Scalable and Energy-Efficient Service Orchestration in the Edge-Cloud Continuum With Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Scalable and Energy-Efficient Service Orchestration in the Edge-Cloud Continuum With Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410770720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3574131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3574131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3574131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021764238","display_name":"Nicola Di Cicco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1524-8178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Di Cicco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057533274","display_name":"Gaetano Francesco Pittal\u00e0","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2451-003X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaetano Francesco Pittal\u00e0","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011458485","display_name":"Gianluca Davoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8937-9624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Davoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036893834","display_name":"Davide Borsatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-5018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Borsatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078624775","display_name":"Walter Cerroni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-031X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter Cerroni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038421080","display_name":"Carla Raffaelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1250-2476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carla Raffaelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “G. Marconi,”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI) “G. Marconi”, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038468421","display_name":"Massimo Tornatore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-1061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Tornatore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021764238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4613,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94439522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"3882","last_page":"3894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9483000040054321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8192576169967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8181220293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7977287769317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7276279926300049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.6621483564376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.46450090408325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4497711658477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3535027503967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2481078803539276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1644342541694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12324318289756775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8192576169967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8181220293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7977287769317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7276279926300049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.6621483564376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.46450090408325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4497711658477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3535027503967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2481078803539276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1644342541694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12324318289756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3574131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3574131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1017777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11016075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1310590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1310590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4906546133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NextGenerationEU, NRRP, ECS00000033 - program \"ECO","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5785661492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NextGenerationEU, NRRP, PE00000001 - program \"REST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834963927","https://openalex.org/W2896079731","https://openalex.org/W2906687478","https://openalex.org/W3000558069","https://openalex.org/W3003577920","https://openalex.org/W3022369195","https://openalex.org/W3024547383","https://openalex.org/W3074294383","https://openalex.org/W3134322065","https://openalex.org/W3153176582","https://openalex.org/W3159712790","https://openalex.org/W3176111990","https://openalex.org/W3209477841","https://openalex.org/W4206453974","https://openalex.org/W4206520343","https://openalex.org/W4206632990","https://openalex.org/W4285241214","https://openalex.org/W4287266177","https://openalex.org/W4293770403","https://openalex.org/W4311818569","https://openalex.org/W4384157961","https://openalex.org/W4384158028","https://openalex.org/W4388692424","https://openalex.org/W4389040685","https://openalex.org/W4390098664","https://openalex.org/W4400233794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W79913212","https://openalex.org/W2094884983","https://openalex.org/W2378898096","https://openalex.org/W560952460","https://openalex.org/W2290927522","https://openalex.org/W4283579741","https://openalex.org/W3066706303","https://openalex.org/W876159576","https://openalex.org/W1603725294","https://openalex.org/W2548719852"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Edge-Cloud":[1],"Continuum":[2],"represents":[3],"a":[4,34,82,86,98,145,182],"paradigm":[5],"shift":[6],"in":[7],"distributed":[8],"computing,":[9],"seamlessly":[10],"integrating":[11],"resources":[12],"from":[13],"cloud":[14,140],"data":[15],"centers":[16],"to":[17,63,75,89,119,155,190,194],"edge":[18,127],"devices.":[19],"However,":[20],"orchestrating":[21],"services":[22],"across":[23],"this":[24,54],"heterogeneous":[25,126],"landscape":[26],"poses":[27],"significant":[28],"challenges,":[29],"as":[30],"it":[31],"requires":[32],"finding":[33],"delicate":[35],"balance":[36],"between":[37],"different":[38],"(and":[39],"competing)":[40],"objectives,":[41],"including":[42],"service":[43,70,150],"acceptance":[44],"probability,":[45],"offered":[46],"Quality-of-Service,":[47],"and":[48,95,129,188],"network":[49,87,157,191],"energy":[50,123],"consumption.":[51],"To":[52],"address":[53],"challenge,":[55],"we":[56,112,143],"propose":[57],"leveraging":[58],"Multi-Objective":[59],"Reinforcement":[60],"Learning":[61],"(MORL)":[62],"approximate":[64],"the":[65,101,107,122,135,160],"full":[66],"Pareto":[67],"Front":[68],"of":[69,125,138,185],"orchestration":[71,102,151],"policies.":[72],"In":[73],"contrast":[74],"conventional":[76],"solutions":[77],"based":[78],"on":[79,100,179],"single-objective":[80],"RL,":[81],"MORL":[83,147,173],"approach":[84],"allows":[85],"operator":[88],"inspect":[90],"all":[91],"possible":[92],"\u201coptimal\u201d":[93],"trade-offs,":[94],"then":[96],"decide":[97],"posteriori":[99],"policy":[103,148,174],"that":[104,152,171],"best":[105],"satisfies":[106],"system\u2019s":[108],"operational":[109],"requirements.":[110],"Specifically,":[111],"first":[113],"conduct":[114],"an":[115],"extensive":[116],"measurement":[117],"study":[118],"accurately":[120],"model":[121],"consumption":[124,137],"devices":[128],"servers":[130],"under":[131],"various":[132],"workloads,":[133],"alongside":[134],"resource":[136],"popular":[139],"services.":[141],"Then,":[142],"develop":[144],"set-based":[146],"for":[149,162],"can":[153],"adapt":[154],"arbitrary":[156],"topologies":[158,192],"without":[159],"need":[161],"retraining.":[163],"Illustrative":[164],"numerical":[165],"results":[166],"against":[167],"selected":[168],"heuristics":[169],"show":[170],"our":[172],"outperforms":[175],"baselines":[176],"by":[177],"30%":[178],"average":[180],"over":[181],"broad":[183],"set":[184],"objective":[186],"preferences,":[187],"generalizes":[189],"up":[193],"5x":[195],"larger":[196],"than":[197],"training.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}