{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406858009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3534791","title":"Encrypted Traffic Classification Through Deep Domain Adaptation Network With Smooth Characteristic Function","display_name":"Encrypted Traffic Classification Through Deep Domain Adaptation Network With Smooth Characteristic Function","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406858009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3534791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3534791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3534791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001284800","display_name":"Van Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2050-994X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Van Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014147000","display_name":"C. N. Dao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2163-6456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64519617","display_name":"Hanoi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mxx0e62","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64519617"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuong Dao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam","Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64519617"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64519617"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053163348","display_name":"Hai Anh Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6215-4879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai-Anh Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026992540","display_name":"Duc Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7251-3516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duc Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072105691","display_name":"Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u1ecb Thanh B\u00ecnh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1976-6113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huynh Thi Thanh Binh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057518950","display_name":"Nam-Thang Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5271-9194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64519617","display_name":"Hanoi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mxx0e62","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64519617"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thang Hoang-Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam","Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64519617"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64519617"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021490756","display_name":"Truong X. Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3214-010X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Truong X. Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","Penn State Harrisburg, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Penn State Harrisburg, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Penn State Harrisburg, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001284800"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97172085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"331","last_page":"343"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7878280878067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6161491870880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5557883977890015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.4891510307788849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-adaptation","display_name":"Domain adaptation","score":0.4153631031513214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.41339945793151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36778658628463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33943259716033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.1098175048828125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7878280878067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6161491870880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5557883977890015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.4891510307788849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.4153631031513214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.41339945793151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36778658628463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33943259716033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.1098175048828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3534791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2025.3534791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8617678963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"code VINIF.2022.DA00183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324099","funder_display_name":"Russian Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324099","display_name":"Russian Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03y2gwe85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009451784","https://openalex.org/W2104094955","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2889945482","https://openalex.org/W2891570868","https://openalex.org/W2892460540","https://openalex.org/W2924943326","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2967474335","https://openalex.org/W3001065717","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3109093849","https://openalex.org/W3170475680","https://openalex.org/W3183411826","https://openalex.org/W3215672417","https://openalex.org/W4206739656","https://openalex.org/W4285059485","https://openalex.org/W4291221109","https://openalex.org/W4300427221","https://openalex.org/W4312893735","https://openalex.org/W4315606050","https://openalex.org/W4315629661","https://openalex.org/W4318464922","https://openalex.org/W4360993886","https://openalex.org/W4386470370","https://openalex.org/W4391528977","https://openalex.org/W6621328736","https://openalex.org/W6683633756","https://openalex.org/W6688325169","https://openalex.org/W6712485341","https://openalex.org/W6773005947","https://openalex.org/W6810261015","https://openalex.org/W6853245814"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2179036394","https://openalex.org/W4389474468","https://openalex.org/W4300172004","https://openalex.org/W2613715541","https://openalex.org/W3203792196","https://openalex.org/W4321649381","https://openalex.org/W2997645659","https://openalex.org/W3180787869","https://openalex.org/W2955455867","https://openalex.org/W4295929828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encrypted":[0],"network":[1,77,271],"traffic":[2,30,78,249,268],"classification":[3,269],"has":[4],"become":[5],"a":[6,104,150,194,221],"critical":[7],"task":[8],"with":[9,45,200,231,280],"the":[10,53,74,85,125,181,216,225,232,289],"widespread":[11],"adoption":[12],"of":[13,52,76,87,128,264,284],"protocols":[14],"such":[15,131],"as":[16,103,132],"HTTPS":[17],"and":[18,164,187,227,239],"QUIC.":[19],"Deep":[20,99],"learning-based":[21],"methods":[22,39],"have":[23,97],"proven":[24],"to":[25,69,92,112,115,142,172,196,214,243,277],"be":[26],"effective":[27],"in":[28,176,248,262,270,288],"identifying":[29],"patterns,":[31],"even":[32],"within":[33],"encrypted":[34],"data":[35,203,207],"streams.":[36],"However,":[37],"these":[38,120],"face":[40],"significant":[41],"challenges":[42],"when":[43,140],"confronted":[44],"new":[46,209],"applications":[47],"that":[48,154,255],"were":[49],"not":[50],"part":[51],"original":[54],"training":[55],"set.":[56],"To":[57],"address":[58],"this":[59,146,245],"issue,":[60],"knowledge":[61],"transfer":[62],"from":[63],"existing":[64,260],"models":[65],"is":[66,213],"often":[67],"employed":[68],"accommodate":[70],"novel":[71,151],"applications.":[72,210],"As":[73],"complexity":[75,127],"increases,":[79],"particularly":[80],"at":[81],"higher":[82],"protocol":[83],"layers,":[84,178],"transferability":[86,175],"learned":[88],"features":[89],"diminishes":[90],"due":[91],"domain":[93,185,222,246],"discrepancies.":[94,121],"Recent":[95],"studies":[96],"explored":[98],"Adaptation":[100],"Networks":[101],"(DAN)":[102],"solution,":[105],"which":[106],"extends":[107],"deep":[108],"convolutional":[109],"neural":[110],"networks":[111],"better":[113],"adapt":[114],"target":[116,217,228],"domains":[117],"by":[118,184,219],"mitigating":[119],"Despite":[122],"its":[123],"potential,":[124],"computational":[126,188],"discrepancy":[129,223,247],"metrics,":[130],"Maximum":[133],"Mean":[134],"Discrepancy,":[135],"limits":[136],"DAN\u2019s":[137],"scalability,":[138],"especially":[139],"applied":[141],"large":[143],"datasets.":[144],"In":[145],"paper,":[147],"we":[148,274],"propose":[149],"DAN":[152],"architecture":[153],"incorporates":[155],"Smooth":[156],"Characteristic":[157],"Functions":[158],"(SCFs),":[159],"specifically":[160],"SCF-unNorm":[161,238],"(Unnormalized":[162],"SCF)":[163],"SCF-pInverse":[165],"(Pseudo-inverse":[166],"SCF).":[167],"These":[168],"functions":[169],"are":[170,241],"designed":[171],"enhance":[173],"feature":[174],"task-specific":[177],"effectively":[179],"addressing":[180],"limitations":[182],"posed":[183],"discrepancies":[186],"complexity.":[189],"The":[190,211,251],"proposed":[191,257],"mechanism":[192,258],"provides":[193],"means":[195],"efficiently":[197],"handle":[198],"situations":[199],"limited":[201],"labeled":[202],"or":[204],"entirely":[205],"unlabeled":[206],"for":[208],"aim":[212],"limit":[215],"error":[218],"incorporating":[220],"between":[224],"source":[226,233],"distributions":[229],"along":[230],"error.":[234],"Two":[235],"statistics":[236],"classes,":[237],"SCF-pInverse,":[240],"used":[242],"minimize":[244],"classification.":[250],"experimental":[252],"results":[253],"demonstrate":[254],"our":[256],"outperforms":[259],"benchmarks":[261],"terms":[263],"accuracy,":[265],"enabling":[266],"real-time":[267],"systems.":[272],"Specifically,":[273],"achieve":[275],"up":[276],"99%":[278],"accuracy":[279],"an":[281],"execution":[282],"time":[283],"only":[285],"three":[286],"milliseconds":[287],"considered":[290],"scenarios.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}