{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389352441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3339302","title":"ALAP: Availability- and Latency-Aware Protection for O-RAN: A Deep <i>Q</i>-Learning Approach","display_name":"ALAP: Availability- and Latency-Aware Protection for O-RAN: A Deep <i>Q</i>-Learning Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389352441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3339302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2023.3339302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3339302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042668454","display_name":"Ibrahim Tamim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7749-7543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Tamim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Western University, London, Canada","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7749-7543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Western University, London, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041270670","display_name":"Abdallah Shami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-0350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdallah Shami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Western University, London, Canada","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-0350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Western University, London, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087787101","display_name":"Lyndon Ong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2124-8828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295297804","display_name":"Ciena (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05w425588","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295297804"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyndon Ong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of the CTO, Ciena, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2124-8828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of the CTO, Ciena, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295297804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5264,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67444459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"2253","last_page":"2265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8331810235977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6200618743896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup","display_name":"Backup","score":0.5198495984077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-ran","display_name":"C-RAN","score":0.488901287317276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4845258593559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.44176214933395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4385501444339752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4273379147052765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.42666518688201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-network","display_name":"Core network","score":0.41857272386550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17882195115089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.16174918413162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11268207430839539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8331810235977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6200618743896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.5198495984077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779765720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5005908","display_name":"C-RAN","level":5,"score":0.488901287317276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4845258593559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.44176214933395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4385501444339752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4273379147052765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.42666518688201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5038329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Core network","level":2,"score":0.41857272386550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17882195115089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.16174918413162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11268207430839539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2023.3339302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3339302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W2168359464","https://openalex.org/W2784269492","https://openalex.org/W2787486940","https://openalex.org/W2903252781","https://openalex.org/W2922024147","https://openalex.org/W2963035503","https://openalex.org/W2972298765","https://openalex.org/W3008185793","https://openalex.org/W3017571569","https://openalex.org/W3024879640","https://openalex.org/W3043998585","https://openalex.org/W3089006499","https://openalex.org/W3089022684","https://openalex.org/W3138677255","https://openalex.org/W3184888735","https://openalex.org/W3198411312","https://openalex.org/W4226135608","https://openalex.org/W4285813864","https://openalex.org/W4290996621","https://openalex.org/W4308085963","https://openalex.org/W4313562913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592537445","https://openalex.org/W2117039245","https://openalex.org/W2497039592","https://openalex.org/W4287262510","https://openalex.org/W2436923341","https://openalex.org/W3109766156","https://openalex.org/W2944278712","https://openalex.org/W2782982551","https://openalex.org/W3119089986","https://openalex.org/W4315630301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultra-Reliable":[0],"Low":[1],"Latency":[2],"Communications":[3],"(URLLC)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,114],"critical":[7],"use":[8],"case":[9],"in":[10,177,188],"5G":[11,43],"and":[12,25,50,69,90,102,146,168,187],"B5G":[13],"networks":[14],"enabling":[15],"applications":[16,48],"such":[17,47,86],"as":[18,87],"Augmented":[19],"Reality":[20],"(AR)-assisted":[21],"surgery,":[22],"vehicle-to-everything":[23],"communications,":[24],"smart":[26],"grids":[27],"to":[28,36,60,71,136,156,183,191],"consistently":[29],"deliver":[30],"the":[31,37,42,51,80,129,162],"promised":[32],"Quality":[33],"of":[34,41,82,131],"Service":[35],"end-users.":[38],"The":[39],"intelligence":[40,59],"core":[44],"has":[45,56,173],"made":[46],"possible,":[49],"O-Radio":[52],"Access":[53,62],"Network":[54,106],"(O-RAN)":[55],"extended":[57],"this":[58,96,125],"Radio":[61],"Networks":[63],"(RANs)":[64],"through":[65],"its":[66,189,193],"openness,":[67],"cloudification,":[68],"ability":[70],"host":[72],"machine":[73],"learning":[74],"models":[75],"at":[76],"every":[77],"layer.":[78],"However,":[79],"cloudification":[81],"O-RAN":[83,104,197],"introduces":[84],"challenges,":[85],"securing":[88],"availability":[89,167],"ensuring":[91],"latency":[92,170],"for":[93,150],"URLLC.":[94],"In":[95,154],"work,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"an":[100],"Availability-":[101],"Latency-Aware":[103],"Virtual":[105],"Function":[107],"(VNF)":[108],"Protection":[109],"(ALAP)":[110],"solution.":[111],"ALAP":[112,159,172],"offers":[113],"shared":[115],"VNF":[116,132],"protection":[117,126,138],"scheme":[118],"based":[119],"on":[120,195],"deep":[121],"Q-learning,":[122],"efficiently":[123],"providing":[124],"while":[127],"minimizing":[128],"number":[130],"backup":[133],"components":[134],"compared":[135],"dedicated":[137],"schemes.":[139],"Our":[140],"solution":[141],"protects":[142],"against":[143],"resource":[144],"blockages":[145],"alleviates":[147],"operational":[148],"costs":[149],"network":[151,163],"service":[152],"providers.":[153],"addition":[155],"these":[157,185],"objectives,":[158],"ensures":[160],"that":[161],"meets":[164],"URLLC\u2019s":[165],"strict":[166],"end-to-end":[169],"constraints.":[171],"shown":[174],"promising":[175],"results":[176],"how":[178],"quickly":[179],"it":[180],"can":[181],"learn":[182],"optimize":[184],"objectives":[186],"capability":[190],"achieve":[192],"goals":[194],"large-scale":[196],"deployments.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}