{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324290740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891","title":"MiddleNet: A Unified, High-Performance NFV and Middlebox Framework With eBPF and DPDK","display_name":"MiddleNet: A Unified, High-Performance NFV and Middlebox Framework With eBPF and DPDK","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324290740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064306481","display_name":"Shixiong Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1367-5544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shixiong Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077607599","display_name":"Ziteng Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziteng Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034464232","display_name":"Leslie Monis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie Monis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053712998","display_name":"K. K. Ramakrishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-5155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. K. Ramakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064306481"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85320771,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"3950","last_page":"3967"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7534464597702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.36870577931404114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7534464597702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36870577931404114}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2023.3256891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G528095733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSR-1763929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6392699063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRI-1823270","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014485836","https://openalex.org/W2039997795","https://openalex.org/W2054820097","https://openalex.org/W2222737249","https://openalex.org/W2309305620","https://openalex.org/W2465005408","https://openalex.org/W2744553628","https://openalex.org/W2861933588","https://openalex.org/W2978019044","https://openalex.org/W3008783405","https://openalex.org/W3033892292","https://openalex.org/W3103894276","https://openalex.org/W3116079104","https://openalex.org/W3128928115","https://openalex.org/W3182930529","https://openalex.org/W3192191665","https://openalex.org/W4289655092","https://openalex.org/W4308995002","https://openalex.org/W6628430602","https://openalex.org/W6628561984","https://openalex.org/W6636548729","https://openalex.org/W6636558983","https://openalex.org/W6715382103","https://openalex.org/W6736340968","https://openalex.org/W6764791836"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"network":[1,6,24,94],"resident":[2,95],"functions":[3,25],"(e.g.,":[4],"firewalls,":[5],"address":[7],"translation)":[8],"and":[9,48,73,102,115,179],"middleboxes":[10,75],"(caches,":[11],"load":[12],"balancers)":[13],"have":[14,58],"moved":[15],"from":[16],"purpose-built":[17],"appliances":[18],"to":[19,77,134,224],"softwarebased":[20],"components.":[21],"However,":[22],"L2/L3":[23,71,100,138],"(NFs)":[26],"are":[27,110,200],"being":[28],"implemented":[29],"on":[30,62,83],"Network":[31],"Function":[32],"Virtualization":[33,222],"(NFV)":[34],"platforms":[35,82],"that":[36,90,98,109,238],"extensively":[37],"exploit":[38],"kernel-bypass":[39],"technology.":[40],"They":[41],"often":[42],"use":[43],"DPDK":[44],"for":[45,127,156,163,186,196],"zero-copy":[46,128],"delivery":[47,130],"high":[49,241],"performance.":[50],"On":[51],"the":[52,120,136,169,173,205,227],"other":[53],"hand,":[54],"L4/L7":[55,74,103,146,190,199],"middleboxes,":[56],"which":[57],"a":[59,67,92,151,159,245],"greater":[60],"emphasis":[61],"functionality,":[63,148],"take":[64],"advantage":[65],"of":[66,142,172,209],"full-fledged":[68],"kernelbased":[69],"system.":[70],"NFs":[72,101],"continue":[76],"be":[78],"handled":[79],"by":[80,217],"distinct":[81],"different":[84],"nodes.":[85],"This":[86],"paper":[87],"proposes":[88],"MiddleNet":[89,105,118,149,166,197,212,239],"develops":[91],"unified":[93,246],"function":[96,107,192],"framework":[97],"supports":[99,106,213],"middleboxes.":[104],"chains":[108],"essential":[111],"in":[112,189,198,243],"both":[113],"NFV":[114],"middlebox":[116,147,191],"environments.":[117],"uses":[119],"Data":[121],"Plane":[122],"Development":[123],"Kit":[124],"(DPDK)":[125],"library":[126],"packet":[129,215,228],"without":[131,203],"interrupt-based":[132],"processing,":[133,157],"enable":[135],"\u2019bumpin-the-wire\u2019":[137],"processing":[139,216,229],"performance":[140,242],"required":[141],"NFV.":[143],"To":[144],"support":[145],"utilizes":[150],"consolidated,":[152],"kernel-based":[153],"protocol":[154,161],"stack":[155,162],"avoiding":[158],"dedicated":[160,206],"each":[164],"function.":[165],"fully":[167],"exploits":[168],"event-driven":[170],"capabilities":[171],"extended":[174],"Berkeley":[175],"Packet":[176],"Filter":[177],"(eBPF)":[178],"seamlessly":[180],"integrates":[181],"it":[182],"with":[183],"shared":[184],"memory":[185],"high-performance":[187],"communication":[188],"chains.":[193],"The":[194],"overheads":[195],"strictly":[201],"load-proportional,":[202],"needing":[204],"CPU":[207],"cores":[208],"DPDK-based":[210],"approaches.":[211],"flow-dependent":[214],"leveraging":[218],"Single":[219],"Root":[220],"I/O":[221],"(SR-IOV)":[223],"dynamically":[225],"select":[226],"needed":[230],"(Layers":[231],"2":[232],"-7).":[233],"Our":[234],"experimental":[235],"results":[236],"show":[237],"achieves":[240],"such":[244],"environment.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}