{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312979573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3219494","title":"Toward a Green Blockchain: Engineering Merkle Tree and Proof of Work for Energy Optimization","display_name":"Toward a Green Blockchain: Engineering Merkle Tree and Proof of Work for Energy Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312979573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3219494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3219494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3219494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098444213","display_name":"Cesar Castellon Escobar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-2914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11874761","display_name":"University of North Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/01j903a45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cesar Castellon Escobar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020917225","display_name":"Swapnoneel Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-2757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11874761","display_name":"University of North Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/01j903a45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swapnoneel Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076234086","display_name":"O. Patrick Kreidl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3915-3488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11874761","display_name":"University of North Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/01j903a45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. Patrick Kreidl","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064262477","display_name":"Ayan Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4343-9999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11874761","display_name":"University of North Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/01j903a45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayan Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042166639","display_name":"Ladislau B\u00f6l\u00f6ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5336-9651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ladislau Boloni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5098444213"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11874761"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3933,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98080254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"3847","last_page":"3857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9334999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8254233598709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8102003931999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.6109991669654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.610758900642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.5554729104042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4957083463668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4839937686920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4647713303565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.44873082637786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4164295196533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.41192129254341125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.34034645557403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3036842346191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23493951559066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15184828639030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1510469913482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.11288893222808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09835204482078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08474743366241455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8254233598709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8102003931999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.6109991669654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.610758900642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5554729104042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4957083463668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4839937686920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4647713303565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.44873082637786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4164295196533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.41192129254341125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.34034645557403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3036842346191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23493951559066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15184828639030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1510469913482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.11288893222808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09835204482078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08474743366241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3219494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3219494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4942617403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#1931767","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","funder_display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G606565570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#1932300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","funder_display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6389103259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#220408","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333707","funder_display_name":"Florida Center for Cybersecurity, University of South Florida"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333707","display_name":"Florida Center for Cybersecurity, University of South Florida","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdzmk74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553435762","https://openalex.org/W2083117011","https://openalex.org/W2091543319","https://openalex.org/W2343687677","https://openalex.org/W2519375522","https://openalex.org/W2624307925","https://openalex.org/W2735042552","https://openalex.org/W2748692995","https://openalex.org/W2752019525","https://openalex.org/W2758945826","https://openalex.org/W2766555291","https://openalex.org/W2783685659","https://openalex.org/W2792322951","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2803836845","https://openalex.org/W2803850049","https://openalex.org/W2807987418","https://openalex.org/W2810807736","https://openalex.org/W2825621341","https://openalex.org/W2885362146","https://openalex.org/W2887369826","https://openalex.org/W2898441276","https://openalex.org/W2899322451","https://openalex.org/W2904593111","https://openalex.org/W2907521963","https://openalex.org/W2913183791","https://openalex.org/W2922081827","https://openalex.org/W2953790105","https://openalex.org/W2954103930","https://openalex.org/W2959790549","https://openalex.org/W2960344024","https://openalex.org/W2971083488","https://openalex.org/W2973206361","https://openalex.org/W2974376487","https://openalex.org/W2983928178","https://openalex.org/W2998174560","https://openalex.org/W3005832717","https://openalex.org/W3011777425","https://openalex.org/W3015472511","https://openalex.org/W3016231223","https://openalex.org/W3016329844","https://openalex.org/W3016704898","https://openalex.org/W3024890147","https://openalex.org/W3034142408","https://openalex.org/W3039840332","https://openalex.org/W3101657989","https://openalex.org/W3102276728","https://openalex.org/W3110022460","https://openalex.org/W3120131065","https://openalex.org/W3134469006","https://openalex.org/W3135191333","https://openalex.org/W3152823548","https://openalex.org/W3215246423","https://openalex.org/W3216578167","https://openalex.org/W4206375649","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4226240336","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4249946457","https://openalex.org/W4285102383","https://openalex.org/W4285214552","https://openalex.org/W6744803204","https://openalex.org/W6750793552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981481350","https://openalex.org/W2952893269","https://openalex.org/W4281564188","https://openalex.org/W4206854343","https://openalex.org/W1716847186","https://openalex.org/W3123333070","https://openalex.org/W2533275618","https://openalex.org/W4299951980","https://openalex.org/W3194207360","https://openalex.org/W4387713327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain-powered":[0],"smart":[1],"systems":[2,183],"deployed":[3],"in":[4,121,152],"different":[5,110],"industrial":[6],"applications":[7],"promise":[8],"operational":[9],"efficiencies":[10],"and":[11,22,35,55,103,196],"improved":[12],"yields,":[13],"while":[14],"significantly":[15],"mitigating":[16],"cybersecurity":[17],"risks.":[18],"Tradeoffs":[19],"between":[20],"availability":[21],"security":[23,75],"arise":[24],"at":[25],"implementation,":[26],"however,":[27],"triggered":[28],"by":[29,38,186],"the":[30,56,73,91,101,127,133,142,156,188,194],"additional":[31],"resources":[32],"(e.g.,":[33],"memory":[34],"computation)":[36],"required":[37],"blockchain-enabled":[39],"hosts.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"applies":[43],"an":[44],"energy-reducing":[45,166],"algorithmic":[46],"engineering":[47],"technique":[48,167],"for":[49,109,160],"Merkle":[50],"Tree":[51],"(MT)":[52],"root":[53],"calculations":[54],"Proof":[57],"of":[58,65,94,106,175],"Work":[59],"(PoW)":[60],"algorithm,":[61,144],"two":[62],"principal":[63],"elements":[64,174],"blockchain":[66,176],"computations,":[67,177],"as":[68],"a":[69,86,95],"means":[70],"to":[71,81,89,118,149,171],"preserve":[72],"promised":[74],"benefits":[76,134,157],"but":[77],"with":[78,99,132,137,155],"less":[79],"compromise":[80],"system":[82],"availability.":[83],"Using":[84],"pyRAPL,":[85],"python":[87],"library":[88],"measure":[90],"energy":[92,122,153],"consumption":[93,123],"computation,":[96],"we":[97],"experiment":[98],"both":[100,107],"standard":[102],"energy-reduced":[104],"implementations":[105],"algorithms":[108],"input":[111,139],"sizes.":[112,140],"Our":[113],"results":[114,146,189],"show":[115,147],"that":[116],"up":[117,148],"98%":[119],"reduction":[120,151],"is":[124,168],"possible":[125],"within":[126],"blockchain\u2019s":[128],"MT":[129,195],"construction":[130],"module,":[131],"typically":[135],"increasing":[136],"larger":[138],"For":[141],"PoW":[143,197],"our":[145],"20%":[150],"consumption,":[154],"being":[158],"lower":[159],"higher":[161],"difficulty":[162],"levels.":[163],"The":[164],"proposed":[165],"also":[169],"applicable":[170],"other":[172],"key":[173],"potentially":[178],"affording":[179],"even":[180],"\u201cgreener\u201d":[181],"blockchain-powered":[182],"than":[184],"implied":[185],"only":[187],"obtained":[190],"thus":[191],"far":[192],"on":[193],"algorithms.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
