{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312652679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3215681","title":"Malicious DNS Tunnel Tool Recognition Using Persistent DoH Traffic Analysis","display_name":"Malicious DNS Tunnel Tool Recognition Using Persistent DoH Traffic Analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312652679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3215681"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3215681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3215681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/87440/2/paper_IEEE_TNSM_20221016.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016194859","display_name":"Rikima Mitsuhashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3598-2393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rikima Mitsuhashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3598-2393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101656959","display_name":"Yong Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-5557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Scientific Information and Computing Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-5557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Scientific Information and Computing Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069097911","display_name":"Katsuyoshi Iida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4880-3315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katsuyoshi Iida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4880-3315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085462280","display_name":"Takahiro Shinagawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7016-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Shinagawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7016-7696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103067572","display_name":"Yoshiaki Takai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9678-0499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiaki Takai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Initiative Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9678-0499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Initiative Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2123,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94594515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"2086","last_page":"2095"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8154046535491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6530741453170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6294351816177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5564266443252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-name-system","display_name":"Domain Name System","score":0.5391550064086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.4149557948112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1522972285747528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.13411015272140503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8154046535491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6530741453170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6294351816177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5564266443252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35026560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8767","display_name":"Domain Name System","level":3,"score":0.5391550064086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.4149557948112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1522972285747528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.13411015272140503}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3215681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3215681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp:2115/87440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2115/87440","pdf_url":"https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/87440/2/paper_IEEE_TNSM_20221016.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400549","display_name":"Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers (Hokkaido University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","host_organization_name":"Hokkaido University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article (author version)"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01364:0007199168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2115/87440","pdf_url":"https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/repo/huscap/all/87440/aper_IEEE_TNSM_20221016.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp:50699053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp/cgi-bin/publicationinfo.cgi?q_publication_content_number=CTT100916864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196385","display_name":"Tokyo Tech Research Repository (Tokyo Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","host_organization_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp:2115/87440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2115/87440","pdf_url":"https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/87440/2/paper_IEEE_TNSM_20221016.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400549","display_name":"Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers (Hokkaido University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","host_organization_name":"Hokkaido University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article (author version)"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312652679.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312652679.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572744584","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2326113404","https://openalex.org/W2730672749","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2806616617","https://openalex.org/W2964022491","https://openalex.org/W3006390257","https://openalex.org/W3080354144","https://openalex.org/W3080777947","https://openalex.org/W3094514336","https://openalex.org/W3105087971","https://openalex.org/W3107707971","https://openalex.org/W3120774524","https://openalex.org/W3130234658","https://openalex.org/W3134086371","https://openalex.org/W3137483304","https://openalex.org/W3160954087","https://openalex.org/W3170778503","https://openalex.org/W3185198511","https://openalex.org/W3194997082","https://openalex.org/W3195751401","https://openalex.org/W3199534252","https://openalex.org/W3214128480","https://openalex.org/W3215244843","https://openalex.org/W4206898372","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6750729320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362737126","https://openalex.org/W2130966263","https://openalex.org/W2369342331","https://openalex.org/W2348544381","https://openalex.org/W1762411088","https://openalex.org/W2204155491","https://openalex.org/W2365148955","https://openalex.org/W2475403965","https://openalex.org/W3024231903","https://openalex.org/W986282359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DNS":[0,23,29,50,63,88,126],"over":[1],"HTTPS":[2],"(Do)":[3],"can":[4,80],"mitigate":[5],"the":[6,22,33,49,92,116,123,142],"risk":[7],"of":[8],"privacy":[9],"breaches":[10],"but":[11,140],"makes":[12],"it":[13],"difficult":[14],"to":[15,21,43,121],"control":[16],"network":[17,37,40],"security":[18,38],"services":[19],"due":[20],"traffic":[24,51,71,109],"encryption.":[25],"However,":[26],"since":[27],"malicious":[28,45,62,87,125],"tunnel":[30,64,89,127],"tools":[31,90,128],"for":[32,85],"DoH":[34,70,108],"protocol":[35],"pose":[36],"threats,":[39],"administrators":[41],"need":[42],"recognize":[44,122],"communications":[46],"even":[47],"after":[48],"encryption":[52],"has":[53],"become":[54],"widespread.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"we":[59],"propose":[60],"a":[61],"tool":[65],"recognition":[66],"system":[67,79,97,118],"using":[68],"persistent":[69],"analysis":[72],"based":[73,99],"on":[74,91,100,107],"machine":[75,93,102],"learning.":[76],"The":[77,96,111],"proposed":[78,117],"accomplish":[81],"continuous":[82],"knowledge":[83],"updates":[84],"emerging":[86,143],"learning":[94,103],"model.":[95],"is":[98,119],"hierarchical":[101],"classification":[104,153],"and":[105,138,149],"focuses":[106],"analysis.":[110],"evaluation":[112],"results":[113],"confirm":[114],"that":[115],"able":[120],"six":[124],"in":[129],"total,":[130],"not":[131],"only":[132],"well-known":[133],"ones,":[134],"including":[135],"dns2tcp,":[136],"dnscat2,":[137],"iodine,":[139],"also":[141],"ones":[144],"such":[145],"as":[146],"dnstt,":[147],"tcp-over-dns,":[148],"tuns":[150],"with":[151],"98.02%":[152],"accuracy.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}