{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199841420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3195406","title":"From the Beginning: Key Transitions in the First 15 Years of DNSSEC","display_name":"From the Beginning: Key Transitions in the First 15 Years of DNSSEC","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199841420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3195406","mag":"3199841420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3195406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3195406","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4275028/10034788/09845707.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4275028/10034788/09845707.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024988348","display_name":"Eric Osterweil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-5602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Osterweil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032624462","display_name":"Pouyan Fotouhi Tehrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-9335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800804238","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/00px80p03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800804238","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117750","display_name":"Weizenbaum Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/023kksk09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806","https://openalex.org/I2800804238","https://openalex.org/I2801702882","https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210117750","https://openalex.org/I4577782","https://openalex.org/I46043019","https://openalex.org/I4923324","https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pouyan Fotouhi Tehrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weizenbaum Institute and Fraunhofer FOKUS, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weizenbaum Institute and Fraunhofer FOKUS, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117750","https://openalex.org/I2800804238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027677424","display_name":"Thomas C. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-7885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70451448","display_name":"HAW Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fkqwx76","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70451448"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas C. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70451448","https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039216100","display_name":"Matthias W\u00e4hlisch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Wahlisch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024988348"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6446,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65061106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"5265","last_page":"5283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.800856351852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.734832763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delegation","display_name":"Delegation","score":0.6567556262016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-management","display_name":"Key management","score":0.6427266597747803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6251252889633179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.597191572189331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.5955603122711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5908142328262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42858579754829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-association","display_name":"Security association","score":0.4108229875564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3722195029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17544785141944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.10567775368690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.07461488246917725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.800856351852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.734832763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.6567556262016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.6427266597747803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6251252889633179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.597191572189331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5955603122711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5908142328262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42858579754829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130881749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586894","display_name":"Security association","level":5,"score":0.4108229875564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3722195029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17544785141944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.10567775368690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07461488246917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14982408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11006334","display_name":"Network Access Control","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3195406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3195406","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4275028/10034788/09845707.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.08783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08783","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.08783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:weizenbaum-library.de:id/316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.weizenbaum-library.de/handle/id/316","pdf_url":"https://www.weizenbaum-library.de/bitstreams/373bfd8a-9a8c-45ae-9ba0-57d58c02d999/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/426914","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/426914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:refubium.fu-berlin.de:fub188/38933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/38933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402444","display_name":"Refubium (Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek der Freien Universit\u00e4t Berlin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","host_organization_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"doi:10.17169/refubium-38649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-38649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052913","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3195406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3195406","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4275028/10034788/09845707.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3850220238","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16DII111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7140718366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRIMEnet","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199841420.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199841420.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148814131","https://openalex.org/W240084622","https://openalex.org/W1552489884","https://openalex.org/W1561082337","https://openalex.org/W1667466877","https://openalex.org/W1859864512","https://openalex.org/W1927311981","https://openalex.org/W2033654649","https://openalex.org/W2040278087","https://openalex.org/W2069596317","https://openalex.org/W2112074340","https://openalex.org/W2116808175","https://openalex.org/W2122269925","https://openalex.org/W2134120396","https://openalex.org/W2135479785","https://openalex.org/W2151267275","https://openalex.org/W2156989312","https://openalex.org/W2171820401","https://openalex.org/W2282720193","https://openalex.org/W2287088142","https://openalex.org/W2289022551","https://openalex.org/W2298236901","https://openalex.org/W2309914857","https://openalex.org/W2509465198","https://openalex.org/W2522455971","https://openalex.org/W2526826069","https://openalex.org/W2746912253","https://openalex.org/W2752610700","https://openalex.org/W2896599519","https://openalex.org/W2944167239","https://openalex.org/W2959814048","https://openalex.org/W2980806186","https://openalex.org/W2995812020","https://openalex.org/W3094467847","https://openalex.org/W3166727241","https://openalex.org/W4205883304","https://openalex.org/W4252713891","https://openalex.org/W4288072852","https://openalex.org/W6633016508","https://openalex.org/W6682914960","https://openalex.org/W6744286775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093625357","https://openalex.org/W2625310891","https://openalex.org/W2255058412","https://openalex.org/W109663246","https://openalex.org/W1978543086","https://openalex.org/W2081422519","https://openalex.org/W2273419341","https://openalex.org/W2165319213","https://openalex.org/W2476589454","https://openalex.org/W3112437670"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"the":[1,5,32,36,39,70,92,141,150,155,209],"global":[2,142],"rollout":[3,157],"of":[4,19,28,38,65,72,94,102,154,174],"DNS":[6,43],"Security":[7],"Extensions":[8],"(DNSSEC)":[9],"began":[10],"in":[11,26,42,120,208,221],"2005,":[12],"a":[13,20,62,107],"first-of-its-kind":[14],"trial":[15],"started:":[16],"The":[17],"complexity":[18],"core":[21],"Internet":[22],"protocol":[23],"was":[24],"magnified":[25],"favor":[27],"better":[29],"security":[30],"for":[31,53,115,126],"overall":[33],"Internet.":[34],"Thereby,":[35],"scale":[37],"loosely-federated":[40],"delegation":[41],"became":[44],"an":[45],"unprecedented":[46],"cryptographic":[47],"key":[48,89,95,103,117,163,193,202,206],"management":[49,203],"challenge.":[50],"Though":[51],"fundamental":[52],"current":[54],"and":[55,87,99,105,136,160,171,176,189,205],"future":[56],"operational":[57,128],"success,":[58],"our":[59,132],"community":[60],"lacks":[61],"clear":[63],"notion":[64],"how":[66],"to":[67,84,139,158,168,181],"empirically":[68],"evaluate":[69],"process":[71],"securely":[73],"transitioning":[74],"keys.":[75],"In":[76,179],"this":[77,113],"paper,":[78],"we":[79,146,184],"propose":[80],"two":[81],"building":[82],"blocks":[83],"formally":[85],"characterize":[86],"assess":[88],"transitions.":[90],"First,":[91],"anatomy":[93,114,135],"transitions,":[96],"i.e.,":[97],"measurable":[98,198],"well-defined":[100],"properties":[101],"changes;":[104],"second,":[106],"novel":[108],"classification":[109],"model":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112],"describing":[116],"transition":[118,134,137],"practices":[119],"abstract":[121],"terms.":[122],"This":[123],"abstraction":[124],"allows":[125],"classifying":[127],"behavior.":[129],"We":[130,211],"apply":[131],"proposed":[133],"classes":[138],"describe":[140],"DNSSEC":[143,156],"deployment.":[144],"Specifically,":[145],"use":[147],"measurements":[148],"from":[149],"first":[151],"15":[152],"years":[153],"detect":[159],"understand":[161],"which":[162,172],"transitions":[164,188,207,218],"have":[165],"been":[166],"used":[167],"what":[169],"degree":[170],"rates":[173],"errors":[175],"warnings":[177],"occurred.":[178],"contrast":[180],"prior":[182],"work,":[183],"consider":[185],"all":[186],"possible":[187],"not":[190],"only":[191],"1:1":[192],"rollovers.":[194],"Our":[195],"results":[196],"show":[197],"gaps":[199],"between":[200],"prescribed":[201],"processes":[204],"wild.":[210],"also":[212],"find":[213],"evidence":[214],"that":[215],"such":[216],"noncompliant":[217],"are":[219],"needed":[220],"operations.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}