{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293195496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3176752","title":"Code Layering for the Detection of Network Covert Channels in Agentless Systems","display_name":"Code Layering for the Detection of Network Covert Channels in Agentless Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293195496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3176752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3176752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3176752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4275028/9917435/09779347.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4275028/9917435/09779347.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036413712","display_name":"Marco Zuppelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-3199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137033","display_name":"Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche","ror":"https://ror.org/03m0n3c07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Zuppelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies (IMATI), Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-3199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies (IMATI), Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001542206","display_name":"Matteo Repetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8478-2633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137033","display_name":"Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche","ror":"https://ror.org/03m0n3c07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Repetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies (IMATI), Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8478-2633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies (IMATI), Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032016607","display_name":"Andreas Schaffhauser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-9294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120691247","display_name":"FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen","ror":"https://ror.org/04tkkr536","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Schaffhauser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Parallelism &#x0026; VLSI, FernUniversit&#x00E4;t in Hagen, Hagen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Parallelism &#x0026; VLSI, FernUniversit&#x00E4;t in Hagen, Hagen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089469997","display_name":"Wojciech Mazurczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-4127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087266","display_name":"Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/003fvp964","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087266","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137033","display_name":"Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche","ror":"https://ror.org/03m0n3c07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wojciech Mazurczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies (IMATI), Genoa, Italy","Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-4127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies (IMATI), Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487","https://openalex.org/I4210087266"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082854095","display_name":"Luca Caviglione","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6466-3354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137033","display_name":"Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche","ror":"https://ror.org/03m0n3c07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Caviglione","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies (IMATI), Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6466-3354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies (IMATI), Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137033","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2763,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82443713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"2282","last_page":"2294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8952950239181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.6689243912696838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5770352482795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.531234085559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.5251978635787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.46255412697792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.44180282950401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.42432230710983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4162677526473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.41194117069244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4091479480266571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20185458660125732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.13035252690315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.12260711193084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.10492494702339172}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8952950239181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.6689243912696838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5770352482795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.531234085559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.5251978635787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.46255412697792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44180282950401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.42432230710983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4162677526473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.41194117069244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4091479480266571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20185458660125732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.13035252690315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.12260711193084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.10492494702339172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3176752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3176752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4275028/9917435/09779347.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3176752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3176752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4275028/9917435/09779347.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3076231580","display_name":"Secure Intelligent Methods for Advanced RecoGnition of malware and stegomalware","funder_award_id":"833042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6074097376","display_name":"AddreSsing ThReats for virtualIseD services","funder_award_id":"786922","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293195496.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293195496.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514785041","https://openalex.org/W1795833405","https://openalex.org/W1942773482","https://openalex.org/W1981844530","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W2011224223","https://openalex.org/W2014236853","https://openalex.org/W2036068512","https://openalex.org/W2076003763","https://openalex.org/W2151185692","https://openalex.org/W2152988830","https://openalex.org/W2529117343","https://openalex.org/W2559191270","https://openalex.org/W2595350342","https://openalex.org/W2808646753","https://openalex.org/W2903038868","https://openalex.org/W2908083959","https://openalex.org/W2919240745","https://openalex.org/W2963514896","https://openalex.org/W2981391500","https://openalex.org/W3035026831","https://openalex.org/W3103457769","https://openalex.org/W3114468998","https://openalex.org/W3125745247","https://openalex.org/W3128928115","https://openalex.org/W3133411111","https://openalex.org/W3137686326","https://openalex.org/W3183363103","https://openalex.org/W3184969476","https://openalex.org/W3193547153","https://openalex.org/W3195497922","https://openalex.org/W3215394533","https://openalex.org/W4287325801","https://openalex.org/W6638495649","https://openalex.org/W6638644045","https://openalex.org/W6757622838","https://openalex.org/W6759974347","https://openalex.org/W6790430570"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W1568579691","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W2061466315","https://openalex.org/W2376886931","https://openalex.org/W4386075149","https://openalex.org/W4239080508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"interest":[2],"in":[3,61],"agentless":[4],"and":[5,17,41,124],"serverless":[6],"environments":[7],"for":[8],"the":[9,28,51,65,73,76,81],"implementation":[10],"of":[11,19,30,67,75,83,103],"virtual/container":[12],"network":[13,20,84,89],"functions":[14],"makes":[15],"monitoring":[16],"inspection":[18],"services":[21],"challenging":[22],"tasks.":[23],"A":[24],"major":[25],"requirement":[26],"concerns":[27],"agility":[29],"deploying":[31],"security":[32,59],"agents":[33],"at":[34],"runtime,":[35],"especially":[36],"to":[37,56,92,118],"effectively":[38],"address":[39],"emerging":[40],"advanced":[42],"attack":[43],"patterns.":[44],"This":[45],"work":[46],"investigates":[47],"a":[48,110],"framework":[49],"leveraging":[50],"extended":[52],"Berkeley":[53],"Packet":[54],"Filter":[55],"create":[57],"ad-hoc":[58],"layers":[60],"virtualized":[62],"architectures":[63],"without":[64],"need":[66],"embedding":[68],"additional":[69],"agents.":[70],"To":[71],"prove":[72],"effectiveness":[74],"approach,":[77],"we":[78],"focus":[79],"on":[80],"detection":[82],"covert":[85,104],"channels,":[86],"i.e.,":[87],"hidden/parasitic":[88],"conversations":[90],"difficult":[91],"spot":[93],"with":[94,109],"legacy":[95],"mechanisms.":[96],"Experimental":[97],"results":[98],"demonstrate":[99],"that":[100],"different":[101],"types":[102],"channels":[105],"can":[106],"be":[107],"revealed":[108],"good":[111],"accuracy":[112],"while":[113],"using":[114],"limited":[115],"resources":[116],"compared":[117],"existing":[119],"cybersecurity":[120],"tools":[121],"(i.e.,":[122],"Zeek":[123],"libpcap).":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
