{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213070403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3151083","title":"Quantitative Comparison of Two Chain-Selection Protocols Under Selfish Mining Attack","display_name":"Quantitative Comparison of Two Chain-Selection Protocols Under Selfish Mining Attack","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213070403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3151083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3151083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3151083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080507848","display_name":"Runkai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7577-9632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Runkai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024597522","display_name":"Xiaolin Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-8857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017004453","display_name":"Jelena Mi\u0161i\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1251-3730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jelena Misic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019465701","display_name":"Vojislav B. Mi\u0161i\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-9920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vojislav B. Misic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050853831","display_name":"Hongyue Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9908-347X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyue Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080507848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7702,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95197599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"1142","last_page":"1158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.949999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9383999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8154313564300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.7477956414222717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5688951015472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.565642237663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5402559638023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profitability-index","display_name":"Profitability index","score":0.5222983360290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5179749727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.43988481163978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36855682730674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19794556498527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0967751145362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.07992386817932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07455214858055115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8154313564300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.7477956414222717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5688951015472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.565642237663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5402559638023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.5222983360290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5179749727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.43988481163978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36855682730674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19794556498527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0967751145362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.07992386817932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07455214858055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2022.3151083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2022.3151083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4882314555","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M22037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W2045129218","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2219152866","https://openalex.org/W2295318496","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2408417311","https://openalex.org/W2535029869","https://openalex.org/W2729396025","https://openalex.org/W2738891482","https://openalex.org/W2753153210","https://openalex.org/W2803238698","https://openalex.org/W2890364458","https://openalex.org/W2917183287","https://openalex.org/W2920504514","https://openalex.org/W2956944814","https://openalex.org/W2963822137","https://openalex.org/W2966761660","https://openalex.org/W2982544778","https://openalex.org/W2986858900","https://openalex.org/W3006232485","https://openalex.org/W3034466197","https://openalex.org/W3042586362","https://openalex.org/W3043255647","https://openalex.org/W3046337323","https://openalex.org/W3048678156","https://openalex.org/W3103292315","https://openalex.org/W3118420191","https://openalex.org/W3119105838","https://openalex.org/W3129832970","https://openalex.org/W3134483124","https://openalex.org/W3148392649","https://openalex.org/W3150259629","https://openalex.org/W3156382242","https://openalex.org/W3167479137","https://openalex.org/W3168088447","https://openalex.org/W3179068264","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6631441790","https://openalex.org/W6759625968","https://openalex.org/W6782033241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,150],"longest-chain":[1,66,162,203],"and":[2,38,78,102,120,145,232],"Greedy":[3],"Heaviest":[4],"Observed":[5],"Subtree":[6],"(GHOST)":[7],"protocols":[8,15],"are":[9,80,141],"the":[10,30,40,65,71,75,88,93,121,161,165,178,188,202,221],"two":[11,222],"most":[12],"famous":[13],"chain-selection":[14,85],"to":[16,28,46,70,128,156,208,227],"address":[17,109],"forking":[18,199],"in":[19,126,181],"Proof-of-Work":[20],"(PoW)":[21],"blockchain":[22,41,76,132],"systems.":[23],"Inclusive":[24,174],"protocol":[25,67,152,163,175,204,210],"was":[26],"proposed":[27],"lower":[29],"loss":[31],"of":[32,52,95,123,167,170,183,187,220],"miners":[33],"who":[34],"produce":[35],"stale":[36],"blocks":[37],"increase":[39],"throughput.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44,113],"aims":[45],"make":[47],"an":[48],"analytical-model-based":[49],"quantitative":[50],"comparison":[51,144],"their":[53],"capabilities":[54],"against":[55],"selfish":[56,135,157,171],"mining":[57,136,158],"attack.":[58,137],"Analytical":[59],"models":[60,91],"have":[61],"been":[62],"developed":[63],"for":[64,143,218],"but":[68],"less":[69],"GHOST":[72,151,212],"protocol.":[73,213],"However,":[74],"dynamics":[77],"evolution":[79],"different":[81,84],"when":[82],"adopting":[83],"protocols.":[86],"Therefore,":[87],"corresponding":[89],"analytical":[90],"and/or":[92],"formulas":[94,122],"calculating":[96],"metrics":[97],"(such":[98],"as":[99],"miner":[100,184],"profitability":[101],"system":[103,133,189,230],"throughput)":[104],"may":[105],"be":[106],"different.":[107],"To":[108],"these":[110],"challenges,":[111],"this":[112],"first":[114],"develops":[115],"a":[116,130,197],"novel":[117],"Markov":[118],"model":[119],"evaluation":[124],"metrics,":[125],"order":[127],"analyze":[129],"GHOST-based":[131],"under":[134],"Then":[138],"extensive":[139],"experiments":[140],"conducted":[142],"we":[146],"observe":[147],"that:":[148],"(i)":[149],"is":[153,205,216],"more":[154,206],"resistant":[155],"attack":[159],"than":[160,211],"from":[164],"aspect":[166],"relative":[168],"revenue":[169],"miners.":[172],"(ii)":[173],"can":[176],"promote":[177],"security":[179],"(evaluated":[180],"terms":[182],"profitability)":[185],"improvement":[186],"which":[190],"has":[191],"little":[192],"total":[193],"computational":[194],"power":[195],"or":[196],"high":[198],"probability.":[200],"Additionally,":[201],"sensitive":[207],"inclusive":[209],"(iii)":[214],"It":[215],"hard":[217],"each":[219],"common-used":[223],"difficulty":[224],"adjustment":[225],"algorithms":[226],"achieve":[228],"higher":[229],"throughput":[231],"security.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
