{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4251241846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3136984","title":"Privacy and Transparency in CBDCs: A Regulation-by-Design AML/CFT Scheme","display_name":"Privacy and Transparency in CBDCs: A Regulation-by-Design AML/CFT Scheme","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4251241846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3136984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3136984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3136984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/714434","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090451747","display_name":"Nadia Pocher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1472-2963"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Pocher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Law and Technology, Faculty of Law, Universitat Aut&#x00F2;noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Law and Technology, Faculty of Law, Universitat Aut&#x00F2;noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009841786","display_name":"Andreas Veneris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6309-8821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Veneris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090451747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97945491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"1776","last_page":"1788"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9649999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.7860336303710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.7480899691581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.5735006332397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"Money laundering","score":0.5117811560630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.5087118744850159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.493599534034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4874701499938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4535825848579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.44994819164276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.4331151247024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.4014824628829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3504124879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.2657014727592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.22244155406951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.21852242946624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09815001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.09747198224067688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7860336303710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.7480899691581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.5735006332397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.5117811560630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.5087118744850159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.493599534034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4874701499938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4535825848579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44994819164276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.4331151247024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.4014824628829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3504124879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.2657014727592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.22244155406951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.21852242946624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09815001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09747198224067688}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3136984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3136984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/714434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/714434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions On Network and Service Management, vol. 19 (2), (1776-1788)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/55564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/55564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 19 (2), 1776--1788 (2022-06)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/847779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9657055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/714431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/714431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/714434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/714434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions On Network and Service Management, vol. 19 (2), (1776-1788)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3208020171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MSCA ITN EJD 814177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W988310285","https://openalex.org/W1516849327","https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W2079491939","https://openalex.org/W2105685537","https://openalex.org/W2396457900","https://openalex.org/W2398582829","https://openalex.org/W2524095874","https://openalex.org/W2616462372","https://openalex.org/W2781907197","https://openalex.org/W2786631001","https://openalex.org/W2798039755","https://openalex.org/W2905219012","https://openalex.org/W2909280644","https://openalex.org/W2925546197","https://openalex.org/W2969875901","https://openalex.org/W2974293674","https://openalex.org/W3005395329","https://openalex.org/W3013450807","https://openalex.org/W3035193423","https://openalex.org/W3036560928","https://openalex.org/W3037736773","https://openalex.org/W3047794938","https://openalex.org/W3081120400","https://openalex.org/W3082075034","https://openalex.org/W3088813586","https://openalex.org/W3104385574","https://openalex.org/W3118672276","https://openalex.org/W3123168260","https://openalex.org/W3123868249","https://openalex.org/W3138805849","https://openalex.org/W3147843289","https://openalex.org/W3153535188","https://openalex.org/W3162285760","https://openalex.org/W3163409379","https://openalex.org/W3167817184","https://openalex.org/W3170869728","https://openalex.org/W3176971574","https://openalex.org/W4230868271","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4252261040","https://openalex.org/W4288485831","https://openalex.org/W6712797101","https://openalex.org/W6748242308","https://openalex.org/W6780156952","https://openalex.org/W6795840409","https://openalex.org/W6796782922","https://openalex.org/W6796936929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3038176961","https://openalex.org/W4365797016","https://openalex.org/W3215635167","https://openalex.org/W4280585582","https://openalex.org/W2913682208","https://openalex.org/W4313465241","https://openalex.org/W1950719656","https://openalex.org/W2907115098","https://openalex.org/W4283071734","https://openalex.org/W2988257770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Central":[0,19],"banks":[1],"and":[2,31,53,71],"governments":[3],"all":[4],"over":[5],"the":[6,97],"world":[7],"are":[8,32],"increasingly":[9],"exploring":[10],"digital":[11],"versions":[12],"of":[13,50,66],"fiat":[14],"money,":[15],"known":[16],"as":[17,34,88,96],"retail":[18],"Bank":[20],"Digital":[21],"Currencies":[22],"(CBDCs).":[23],"Most":[24],"initiatives":[25],"rely":[26],"on":[27],"Distributed":[28],"Ledger":[29],"Technologies":[30,95],"presented":[33],"alternatives":[35],"to":[36,46,68,118,125],"physical":[37],"cash.":[38],"Consequently,":[39],"anonymity-related":[40],"regulatory":[41,115],"questions":[42],"have":[43],"naturally":[44],"started":[45],"arise":[47],"in":[48,73],"terms":[49],"Anti-Money":[51],"Laundering":[52],"Counter-Terrorist":[54],"Financing":[55],"compliance.":[56],"Against":[57],"this":[58,60],"backdrop,":[59],"paper":[61],"provides":[62],"a":[63],"techno-legal":[64],"taxonomy":[65],"approaches":[67],"balance":[69],"privacy":[70],"transparency":[72],"CBDCs":[74],"without":[75],"thwarting":[76],"accountability,":[77],"but":[78,111],"it":[79,102],"also":[80,112],"underlines":[81],"cross-sectoral":[82],"impacts.":[83],"The":[84],"contribution":[85],"heeds":[86],"regulation-by-design":[87],"its":[89],"core":[90],"methodological":[91],"foundation,":[92],"with":[93],"Privacy-Enhancing":[94],"relevant":[98],"use":[99],"case.":[100],"Thus,":[101],"highlights":[103],"that":[104,113],"not":[105],"only":[106],"technology":[107,122],"aids":[108],"legal":[109],"purposes,":[110],"some":[114],"requirements":[116],"ought":[117],"be":[119],"designed":[120],"into":[121],"for":[123],"one":[124],"reach":[126],"agreed-upon":[127],"results":[128],"and/or":[129],"standards.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
