{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217757291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3130382","title":"A General Approach for Traffic Classification in Wireless Networks Using Deep Learning","display_name":"A General Approach for Traffic Classification in Wireless Networks Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217757291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3130382","mag":"3217757291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3130382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3130382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072792091","display_name":"Miguel Camelo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-7143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Camelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, IDLab, University of Antwerp&#x2014;imec, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-7143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, IDLab, University of Antwerp&#x2014;imec, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028802750","display_name":"Paola Soto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5906-6424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paola Soto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, IDLab, University of Antwerp&#x2014;imec, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5906-6424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, IDLab, University of Antwerp&#x2014;imec, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049021976","display_name":"Steven Latr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0351-1714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Latre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, IDLab, University of Antwerp&#x2014;imec, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, IDLab, University of Antwerp&#x2014;imec, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89828637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"5044","last_page":"5063"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8076550960540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5590136051177979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5251749753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.5051043629646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5036770701408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.47992902994155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4527556598186493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21369171142578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.127696692943573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8076550960540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5590136051177979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5251749753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.5051043629646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5036770701408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.47992902994155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4527556598186493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21369171142578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.127696692943573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3130382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3130382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:c:irua:195362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10067/1953620151162165141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401849","display_name":"Institutional Repository University of Antwerp (University of Antwerp)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","host_organization_name":"University of Antwerp","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2406092791","display_name":"Network intelligence for aDAptive and sElf-Learning MObile Networks","funder_award_id":"101017109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598796236","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2103586998","https://openalex.org/W2116261113","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2166952377","https://openalex.org/W2171634548","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2529248927","https://openalex.org/W2561184891","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2763663653","https://openalex.org/W2775383661","https://openalex.org/W2784189535","https://openalex.org/W2787505794","https://openalex.org/W2792764867","https://openalex.org/W2889741439","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W2900853407","https://openalex.org/W2912386632","https://openalex.org/W2922199436","https://openalex.org/W2942239200","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W2971425103","https://openalex.org/W2994927843","https://openalex.org/W2995868231","https://openalex.org/W2996980851","https://openalex.org/W3007672026","https://openalex.org/W3009005808","https://openalex.org/W3010878474","https://openalex.org/W3029652632","https://openalex.org/W3029668222","https://openalex.org/W3037744380","https://openalex.org/W3038397330","https://openalex.org/W3043312371","https://openalex.org/W3044795309","https://openalex.org/W3045611182","https://openalex.org/W3091056778","https://openalex.org/W3094795066","https://openalex.org/W3109392121","https://openalex.org/W3112185731","https://openalex.org/W3119054233","https://openalex.org/W3130416401","https://openalex.org/W4252337780","https://openalex.org/W4288413898","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6635679246","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6749825310","https://openalex.org/W6757578793","https://openalex.org/W6759983693","https://openalex.org/W6763288397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4304166257","https://openalex.org/W4383066092","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W2349835884","https://openalex.org/W2804383999"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"Classification":[1],"(TC)":[2],"systems":[3,66],"allow":[4],"inferring":[5],"the":[6,11,41,46,54,62,117,191,201],"application":[7],"that":[8,126,190],"is":[9,37,225],"generating":[10],"traffic":[12,36,47,72,84,95,232],"being":[13],"analyzed.":[14],"State-of-the-art":[15],"TC":[16,44,65,112,147,163,204],"algorithms":[17],"are":[18],"based":[19],"on":[20,43,49,73,116,161],"Deep":[21],"Learning":[22],"(DL)":[23],"and":[24,31,148,157],"have":[25],"outperformed":[26],"traditional":[27],"methods":[28],"in":[29,67,97,200,211],"complex":[30],"modern":[32],"scenarios,":[33],"even":[34],"if":[35],"encrypted.":[38],"Most":[39],"of":[40,64,208],"works":[42],"assume":[45],"flows":[48],"a":[50,98,107,123,128,140,149,206,215],"wired":[51],"network":[52,56,75,87,119],"under":[53],"same":[55],"management":[57],"domain.":[58],"This":[59],"assumption":[60],"limits":[61],"capabilities":[63],"wireless":[68],"networks":[69],"since":[70],"users\u2019":[71,83],"one":[74],"domain":[76],"can":[77,194],"be":[78],"negatively":[79],"impacted":[80],"by":[81,174],"undetected":[82],"from":[85,178],"other":[86],"domains":[88],"or":[89],"detected":[90],"ones":[91],"but":[92],"with":[93,181,219],"no":[94],"context":[96],"shared":[99],"spectrum.":[100],"To":[101],"solve":[102],"this":[103,133],"problem,":[104],"we":[105],"introduce":[106],"novel":[108,141],"framework":[109],"to":[110,131,214],"achieve":[111,195],"at":[113,165],"any":[114],"layer":[115],"radio":[118,167],"stack.":[120],"We":[121,135],"propose":[122],"spectrum-based":[124,146,231],"procedure":[125],"uses":[127],"DL-based":[129,138],"classifier":[130],"realize":[132],"framework.":[134],"design":[136],"two":[137],"classifiers,":[139],"Convolutional":[142],"Neural":[143,151],"Network":[144],"(CNN)":[145],"Recurrent":[150],"Networks":[152],"(RNN)":[153],"as":[154],"baseline":[155],"architecture,":[156],"benchmark":[158],"their":[159],"performance":[160],"three":[162],"tasks":[164],"different":[166],"stack":[168],"layers.":[169],"The":[170],"datasets":[171],"were":[172],"generated":[173],"combining":[175],"packet":[176],"traces":[177],"real":[179],"transmissions":[180],"an":[182,196],"802.11":[183],"standard-compliant":[184],"waveform":[185],"generator.":[186],"Performance":[187],"evaluations":[188],"show":[189],"best":[192],"model":[193],"accuracy":[197,212],"above":[198],"92%":[199],"most":[202],"demanding":[203],"task,":[205],"drop":[207],"only":[209],"4.37%":[210],"compared":[213],"byte-based":[216],"DL":[217],"approach,":[218],"micro-second":[220],"per-packet":[221],"prediction":[222],"time,":[223],"which":[224],"very":[226],"promising":[227],"for":[228],"delivering":[229],"real-time":[230],"analyzers.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
