{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213187898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3127685","title":"Multi-Objective Deep Reinforcement Learning Assisted Service Function Chains Placement","display_name":"Multi-Objective Deep Reinforcement Learning Assisted Service Function Chains Placement","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213187898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3127685","mag":"3213187898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3127685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3127685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074397437","display_name":"Yu Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-0353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-0353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068417431","display_name":"Carlos Colman-Meixner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7454-7493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Colman Meixner","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7454-7493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044001504","display_name":"Monchai Bunyakitanon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4137-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monchai Bunyakitanon","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4137-0457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016646288","display_name":"Xenofon Vasilakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8361-3803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xenofon Vasilakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8361-3803","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024590871","display_name":"Reza Nejabati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4664-9369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Nejabati","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4664-9369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030580652","display_name":"Dimitra Simeonidou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-544X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitra Simeonidou","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-544X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Performance Networks Group, Smart Internet Lab, School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Maths (SCEEM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1683,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9404648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"4134","last_page":"4150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.827258825302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7415845990180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6587931513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4449896216392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42526325583457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.41878581047058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3615567088127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2040056586265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11946377158164978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.827258825302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7415845990180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6587931513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4449896216392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42526325583457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.41878581047058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3615567088127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2040056586265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11946377158164978}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnsm.2021.3127685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2021.3127685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173527311","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","issn_l":"1932-4537","issn":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/94c1a3c7-0e55-4502-9ef1-3e736033f17f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/94c1a3c7-0e55-4502-9ef1-3e736033f17f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055359","display_name":"Explore Bristol Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bi, Y, Meixner, C C, Bunyakitanon, M, Vasilakos, X, Nejabati, R & Simeonidou, D 2021, 'Multi-Objective Deep Reinforcement Learning Assisted Service Function Chains Placement', IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 4134-4150. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2021.3127685","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2112833706","display_name":"A unified network, Computational and stOrage resource Management framework targeting end-to-end Performance optimization for secure 5G muLti-tEchnology and multi-Tenancy Environments","funder_award_id":"871900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1953687040","https://openalex.org/W1968535060","https://openalex.org/W2051821221","https://openalex.org/W2060846151","https://openalex.org/W2110368321","https://openalex.org/W2186820913","https://openalex.org/W2234017516","https://openalex.org/W2579235215","https://openalex.org/W2585384041","https://openalex.org/W2730591764","https://openalex.org/W2762851443","https://openalex.org/W2763268973","https://openalex.org/W2766814683","https://openalex.org/W2781581587","https://openalex.org/W2804791273","https://openalex.org/W2811205792","https://openalex.org/W2884165914","https://openalex.org/W2889610311","https://openalex.org/W2890841063","https://openalex.org/W2903683137","https://openalex.org/W2948175577","https://openalex.org/W2950936660","https://openalex.org/W2952332632","https://openalex.org/W2962947930","https://openalex.org/W2962947982","https://openalex.org/W2969489701","https://openalex.org/W2978260469","https://openalex.org/W2996945891","https://openalex.org/W3010451429","https://openalex.org/W3036344463","https://openalex.org/W3036361022","https://openalex.org/W3089022684","https://openalex.org/W3121094233","https://openalex.org/W3128341476","https://openalex.org/W3135094115","https://openalex.org/W6725207838","https://openalex.org/W6730742100","https://openalex.org/W6745236275","https://openalex.org/W6751725685","https://openalex.org/W6766952794","https://openalex.org/W6779815537"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W4285042611","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W3092582874","https://openalex.org/W4200394864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"study":[1],"of":[2,24,79,94,133,164],"Service":[3,25],"Function":[4],"Chains":[5],"(SFCs)":[6],"placement":[7],"problem":[8],"is":[9,150],"crucial":[10],"to":[11,43,75,96],"support":[12],"services":[13,135],"flexibly":[14],"and":[15,31,60,82,129,144],"use":[16,168],"resources":[17],"efficiently.":[18],"Solutions":[19],"should":[20],"satisfy":[21],"various":[22],"Quality":[23],"requirements,":[26],"avoid":[27,125],"edge":[28,59,126],"resource":[29,127],"congestion,":[30],"improve":[32],"service":[33,159],"acceptance":[34],"ratio":[35],"(SAR).":[36],"This":[37],"work":[38],"presents":[39],"a":[40,65,92],"novel":[41],"approach":[42],"address":[44],"these":[45],"challenges":[46],"by":[47],"solving":[48],"amulti-objective":[49],"SFCs":[50,72],"placementproblem":[51],"based":[52,140],"on":[53,141,171],"the":[54,77,153,167,172],"Pointer":[55],"Network":[56],"in":[57,166],"multi-layer":[58],"cloud":[61],"networks.":[62],"We":[63],"design":[64],"Deep":[66],"Reinforcement":[67],"Learning":[68],"algorithm,":[69],"calledChebyshev-assisted":[70],"Actor-Critic":[71],"Placement":[73],"Algorithm,":[74],"overcome":[76],"limitations":[78],"traditional":[80],"heuristic":[81],"evolutionary":[83],"algorithms.":[84,112],"Then,":[85],"we":[86],"run":[87],"this":[88],"algorithm":[89,116,155],"iteratively":[90],"with":[91,118],"set":[93],"weights":[95,120],"obtain":[97],"non-dominated":[98,122],"fronts,":[99],"which":[100],"have":[101],"much":[102],"higher":[103],"hypervolume":[104],"values":[105],"than":[106],"those":[107],"obtained":[108],"from":[109,121],"other":[110],"state-of-the-art":[111],"Moreover,":[113],"running":[114],"our":[115],"individually":[117],"selected":[119],"fronts":[123],"can":[124],"congestion":[128],"achieve":[130],"98%":[131],"SARs":[132,165],"low-latency":[134],"during":[136],"high-workload":[137],"periods.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"both":[142],"simulation":[143],"real":[145],"testbed":[146],"experimental":[147],"results,":[148],"it":[149],"validated":[151],"that":[152],"proposed":[154],"fits":[156],"for":[157],"pragmatic":[158],"deployment":[160],"while":[161],"achieving":[162],"100%":[163],"cases":[169],"deployed":[170],"testbed.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}